Contents
Author contact details viii
Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles ix
1 Characteristics of light sources 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Process of visual perception 2
1.3 Optics 3
1.4 Radiometry 8
1.5 Photometry 14
1.6 Black-body radiation 20
1.7 Colour temperature 21
1.8 Different light sources 23
1.9 Illuminants 39
1.10 Luminous efficacy of lamps 41
1.11 Colour rendering 41
1.12 References 50
2 Object appearance and colour 53
2.1 Introduction 53
2.2 Interaction of light with objects 54
2.3 Reflection 55
2.4 Scattering 57
2.5 Refraction 61
2.6 Transmission and absorption 64
2.7 Mechanisms of colour generation 70
2.8 References 102
3 Colour and appearance attributes 103
3.1 Introduction 103
3.2 Physical and psychophysical attributes 106
3.3 Gloss 110
3.4 Retroreflection 118
3.5 Transparency 120
3.6 Colour attributes 122
3.7 Assessment of colour appearance 130
3.8 Total appearance concept 132
3.9 Emotional aspects of colour 134
3.10 Colour combination schemes 135
3.11 Emotional aspects of colour combinations 138
3.12 References 141
4 Principles of colour perception 144
4.1 Introduction 144
4.2 Analysis of sun radiation 145
4.3 Principles of colour mixing 147
4.4 Colour matching experiment 152
4.5 CIE 2° standard observer functions 156
4.6 CIE 10° standard observer functions 157
4.7 Transformation of primaries 157
4.8 The human vision system 159
4.9 The remarkable properties of the eye 172
4.10 Colour vision theories 173
4.11 References 181
5 Unusual visual phenomena and colour blindness 185
5.1 Introduction 185
5.2 Unusual visual phenomena 187
5.3 Variation in colour vision 200
5.4 Defective colour vision 201
5.5 Yellowness of vision 218
5.6 References 219
6 Colour measurement instruments 221
6.1 Introduction 221
6.2 Measuring instruments 222
6.3 Video cameras for colour measurement 233
6.4 Components of colour measuring instruments 236
6.5 Measuring geometry 253
6.6 Direct versus reverse optics 258
6.7 Sample preparation and presentation 260
6.8 Sources of error 263
6.9 Future trends 267
6.10 References 268
7 Using instruments to quantify colour 270
7. 1 Colorimetry 270
7. 2 Colour space 271
7. 3 Refl ectance of object 283
7. 4 CIE tristimulus colour space 284
7. 5 Chromaticity 289
7. 6 Chromaticity diagram 291
7. 7 Dominant wavelength and excitation purity 293
7. 8 CIE object colour solid 295
7. 9 Advantages and disadvantages of CIE tristimulus colorimetry 296
7. 10 Uniform colour scales 297
7. 11 Fundamental colour space 312
7. 12 Future trends 312
7. 13 References 315
8 Issues in measuring whiteness and fl uorescence 318
8.1 Introduction 318
8.2 Characteristics of whites 319
8.3 Whiteness improvement 321
8.4 Fluorescence 323
8.5 Problems of assessment 326
8.6 Measurement of fl uorescence 326
8.7 UV calibration 336
8.8 UV calibration standards 339
8.9 Visual assessment of whiteness 340
8.10 References 341
9 Instrumental measures of whiteness 344
9.1 Introduction 344
9.2 Physical methods 347
9.3 Colorimetric methods 348
9.4 New whiteness indices 360
9.5 Topology of whiteness 364
9.6 Yellowness index 366
9.7 Application of whiteness indices 369
9.8 References 372
Index 375