Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience: An Introduction to Biological Psychology, Fifth Edition
By Laura A. Freberg
Contents:
Preface xiv
1 | What Is Behavioral Neuroscience? 1
Neuroscience as an Interdisciplinary
Field 2
Historical Highlights in Neuroscience 5
Ancient Milestones in Understanding
the Nervous System 5
The Dawn of Scientific Reasoning 5
Modern Neuroscience Begins 6
Interim Summary 1.1 8
Behavioral Neuroscience Research
Methods 8
Microscopic Methods 9
Peripheral Methods 10
Imaging 11
Recording 13
Hyperscanning 15
Brain Stimulation 15
Lesion 18
Biochemical Methods 19
Genetic Methods 19
Interim Summary 1.2 21
Open Science and Research Ethics
in Behavioral Neuroscience 22
Open Science 22
Human Participant Guidelines 22
Animal Subjects Guidelines 23
Interim Summary 1.3 24
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 25
Connecting to Research: Thinking About Yourself
as Lonely or Socially Connected Can Influence Your
Immune System 3
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: What Can I
Do with a Degree in Neuroscience? 4
Thinking Ethically: Can We Read Minds with
Neuroscience Technologies? 16
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Can Brain Stimulation
Improve My Memory? 24
2 | Functional Neuroanatomy and the
Evolution of the Nervous System 27
Anatomical Directions and Planes
of Section 28
Protecting and Supplying the
Nervous System 29
Meninges 29
Cerebrospinal Fluid 32
The Brain’s Blood Supply 34
Interim Summary 2.1 34
The Central Nervous System 35
The Spinal Cord 36
Embryological Divisions of the Brain 38
The Hindbrain 38
The Midbrain 40
The Forebrain 42
Interim Summary 2.2 53
The Peripheral Nervous
System 53
The Cranial Nerves 53
The Spinal Nerves 54
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 55
The Endocrine System 58
The Evolution of the Human
Nervous System 59
Natural Selection and Evolution 59
Evolution of the Nervous System 60
Evolution of the Human Brain 60
Interim Summary 2.3 62
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 62
Connecting to Research: Linking the Brain and the
Immune System 32
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: So You
Want to Be a Neurosurgeon? 51
Thinking Ethically: Predicting
“Dangerousness” 51
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Can I Improve My
Heart Rate Variability (HRV)? 58
3 | Neurophysiology: The Structure and
Functions of the Cells of the Nervous
System 65
Glia and Neurons 66
Glia 66
The Structure of Neurons 70
Structural Variations in Neurons 77
Functional Variations in Neurons 77
Interim Summary 3.1 79
Generating Action Potentials 79
The Ionic Composition of the Intracellular and
Extracellular Fluids 79
The Movement of Ions 80
The Resting Potential 83
The Action Potential 84
Propagating Action Potentials 86
Interim Summary 3.2 89
The Synapse 89
Gap Junctions 90
Chemical Synapses 90
Axo-Axonic Synapses 99
Interim Summary 3.3 100
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 101
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Should I Take Prebiotics
or Probiotics? 70
Thinking Ethically: Lethal Injection 83
Connecting to Research: Are Synapse Size and
Strength Related? 96
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: How Does
an EEG Work? 97
4 | Psychopharmacology 103
Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and
Neurohormones 104
Types of Neurochemicals 105
The Small Molecules 106
Neuropeptides 114
Gasotransmitters 115
Interim Summary 4.1 115
Mechanisms of Neuropharmacology 116
Agonists and Antagonists 116
Drugs Influence the Production
of Neurochemicals 117
Drug Effects on Neurochemical Storage 117
Drugs Affect Neurochemical Release 117
Drugs Interact With Receptors 118
Drugs Affect Reuptake and Enzymatic Degradation 119
Interim Summary 4.2 121
Basic Principles of Drug Effects 121
Administration of Drugs 121
Individual Differences in Responses to
Drugs 122
Placebo Effects 122
Tolerance and Withdrawal 122
Addiction 123
Effects of Selected Psychoactive Drugs 125
Stimulants 125
Opioids 129
Cannabis 130
Hallucinogens 132
Alcohol 132
Interim Summary 4.3 135
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 136
Connecting to Research: Otto Loewi and “Vagus
Stuff” 106
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: Addiction
Counselors 125
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Should Psychedelics
Be Used in Therapy? 133
Thinking Ethically: Drug Use Affects Future
Generations 134
5 | Genetics and the Development
of the Human Brain 137
The Genetic Bases
of Behavior 138
From Genome to Trait 138
Sources of Genetic Variability 140
Heritability 144
Epigenetics 145
Interim Summary 5.1 149
Building a Brain 150
Prenatal Development 150
Effects of Experience on Development 157
Disorders of Early Nervous
System Development 161
Interim Summary 5.2 165
The Brain Across
the Life Span 166
Brain Changes From Adolescence
to Adulthood 166
The Healthy Adult Brain 168
Adult Neurogenesis 170
Interim Summary 5.3 171
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 172
Connecting to Research: Epigenetics, Gene
Expression, and Stress 147
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: Genetics
Counseling 148
Thinking Ethically: When Are Adolescents Responsible
for Their Actions? 169
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: The Epigenetic Effects
of Diet on the Nervous System 169
6 | Vision 173
From Sensation to Perception 174
The Visual Stimulus: Light 174
The Advantages of Light as a Stimulus 175
The Electromagnetic Spectrum 175
Light Interacts With Objects 176
Interim Summary 6.1 176
The Structure and Functions of the Visual
System 177
The Human Eye 177
The Layered Organization of the Retina 180
The Photoreceptors 181
Processing by Retinal Interneurons 184
Visual Pathways 188
The Striate Cortex 190
Visual Analysis Beyond the Striate Cortex 192
Interim Summary 6.2 195
Visual Perception 195
Bottom-Up or Top-Down? 195
Spatial Frequencies 196
The Perception of Depth 197
Coding Color 198
The Life Span Development of the
Visual System 202
Disorders of the Visual System 204
Amblyopia 204
Cataracts 204
Visual Acuity Problems 204
Blindness 205
Visual Agnosias 205
Interim Summary 6.3 206
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 207
Connecting to Research: Hubel and Wiesel Map the
Visual Cortex 191
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: 3-D
Animation 199
Thinking Ethically: Inclusive Web Design 202
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Are You a Super-
Recognizer? 206
7 | Nonvisual Sensation and
Perception 209
Audition 210
Sound as a Stimulus 210
The Structure and Function of the Auditory System 212
Auditory Perception 219
Hearing Disorders 221
Interim Summary 7.1 224
The Body Senses 224
The Vestibular System 225
Touch 227
Pain 234
Interim Summary 7.2 237
The Chemical Senses 239
Olfaction 239
Gustation 242
Synaesthesia 244
Interim Summary 7.3 245
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 246
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Earbuds and Hearing
Loss 223
Thinking Ethically: Sonic Weapons 223
Connecting to Research: Phantom Limbs, Mirrors,
and Longer Noses 233
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: What Is a
Perfumer? 244
8 | Movement 247
Muscles 248
Types of Muscles 248
Muscle Anatomy and Contraction 249
The Effects of Exercise on Muscle 251
The Effects of Aging on Muscles 252
Neural Control of Muscles 253
Alpha Motor Neurons 254
The Motor Unit 254
The Control of Muscle Contractions 255
The Control of Spinal Motor Neurons 255
Interim Summary 8.1 258
Reflex Control of Movement 259
Reciprocal Inhibition at Joints 259
The Flexor Reflex 260
Central Pattern Generators 260
Reflexes Over the Lifespan 260
Motor Systems of the Brain 261
Spinal Motor Pathways 261
The Cerebellum 263
The Basal Ganglia 264
The Motor Cortex 265
Interim Summary 8.2 269
Disorders of Movement 270
Toxins 270
Myasthenia Gravis 271
Muscular Dystrophy 272
Polio 272
Accidental Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) 273
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
(ALS; Lou Gehrig’s Disease) 273
Parkinson Disease 274
Huntington Disease 276
Interim Summary 8.3 278
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 279
Thinking Ethically: Gene Doping by Athletes 253
Connecting to Research: Intention to Move
and Free Will 268
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: Physical
Therapy and the Neurologic Clinical Specialty 271
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: How to Repair a
Gene 277
9 | Homeostasis, Motivation,
and Reward 281
Homeostasis and Motivation 282
Regulating Body Temperature 282
Adaptations Maintain Temperature 283
Endothermic Responses
to Heat and Cold 284
Disruptions to Human Core Temperature 285
Brain Mechanisms for Temperature Regulation 286
Thirst: Regulating the Body’s Fluid Levels 288
Intracellular and Extracellular
Fluid Compartments 288
Osmosis Causes Water to Move 289
The Kidneys 290
The Sensation of Thirst 290
Interim Summary 9.1 295
Hunger: Regulating the Body’s Supply of
Nutrients 296
Digestion and Storage of Nutrients 296
The Pancreatic Hormones 297
The Initiation of Eating 297
Satiety 300
Healthy and Disordered Eating 301
Defining Healthy Weight 301
Obesity 302
Disordered Eating 304
Interim Summary 9.2 307
Pleasure and Reward 307
Classical Research in Self-Stimulation 307
Multiple Facets of Reward 308
Reward Pathways 309
The Neurochemistry of Reward 309
Cortical Processing of Reward 310
Interim Summary 9.3 311
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 311
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Understanding the
Benefits of Fever 285
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: Nutritional
Neuroscience 302
Thinking Ethically: How Dangerous Is It to Be
Overweight or Obese? 305
Connecting to Research: Working for Brain
Stimulation 308
10 | Sexual Behavior 313
Sexual Development 314
The Genetics of Sex 314
Three Stages of Prenatal Development 317
Mini-Puberty 320
Development at Puberty 321
Interim Summary 10.1 323
Sex Differences in Hormones, Brain
Structure, and Behavior 324
The Organizing Role
of Sex Hormones 324
The Organizing Role of Sex Chromosome Genes 326
Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain 326
Sex Differences in Behavior and Cognition 327
Sexual Orientation 334
Hormones and Sexual Orientation 334
Brain Structure and Sexual Orientation 335
Genetics and Sexual Orientation 337
Sexual Orientation and Cognition 337
Interim Summary 10.2 337
Biological Influences on Adult Sexual
Behavior 337
The Regulation of Sex Hormones 337
Mood, Menstruation, and Childbirth 337
Hormones and Adult Sexual Behavior 339
Attraction, Romantic Love, Sexual Desire, and
Parenting 340
Elements of Physical Attractiveness 340
Relationships Between Romantic Love and Sexual
Desire 341
Reproduction and Parenting 343
Sexual Dysfunction
and Its Treatment 344
Interim Summary 10.3 345
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 345
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: How Do
Therapists Treat Gender Dysphoria? 331
Thinking Ethically: Gender and Sport 332
Connecting to Research: Simon LeVay
and INAH-3 335
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Treating Patients With
Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction 344
11 | Sleep and Waking 347
Biorhythms 348
Individual Variations in Sleep Patterns 348
Shift Work, Jet Lag, and Daylight Saving Time 351
The Body’s Internal Clocks Manage Circadian
Rhythms 352
Interim Summary 11.1 358
Neural Correlates of Waking and Sleep 358
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Recordings of Waking and
Sleep 358
Brain Networks Control Waking and Sleep 361
Biochemical Correlates of Waking and Sleep 366
Interim Summary 11.2 367
Why Do We Sleep? 368
Changes in Sleep Over the Lifetime 369
Possible Advantages of Sleep 370
Why Do We Dream? 372
Sleep–Wake Disorders 374
Circadian Disorders 374
Insomnia 375
Narcolepsy 375
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders 377
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) 377
Sleep Talking and Sleep Walking 378
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder 378
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) 378
Interim Summary 11.3 379
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 380
Connecting to Research: A Composite Scale of
Morningness 349
Thinking Ethically: Artificial Lighting and Circadian
Rhythms 357
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Do Smartphone Sleep
Apps Work? 359
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: Sleep
Medicine 376
12 | Learning and Memory 381
Categorizing Learning and Memory 382
Types of Learning 382
Types of Memory 384
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity 387
Learning in Simple Organisms 387
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) 391
Memory Consolidation 397
Reactivation and Reconsolidation 398
In Search of the Engram 398
Interim Summary 12.1 401
Neural Systems Supporting Classical
Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and
Social Learning 401
Systems Supporting Classical Conditioning 401
Systems Supporting Operant Conditioning 404
Systems Supporting Social Learning 405
Neural Systems Supporting Memory 406
Systems Supporting Working Memory 406
Systems Supporting Episodic Memory 407
Systems Supporting Semantic Memory 410
Systems Supporting Procedural Memory 410
Interim Summary 12.2 411
The Effects of Stress on Learning and
Memory 412
Stress and Memory Formation 413
Stress and Memory Retrieval 413
Chronic Stress and Memory 414
The Effects of Healthy Aging on Memory 415
Interim Summary 12.3 416
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 416
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: What Is
Neuroeducation? 387
Connecting to Research: Karl Lashley’s Search for the
Engram 399
Thinking Ethically: Should We Erase Traumatic
Memories? 414
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Does Brain Training
Work? 415
13 | Cognitive Neuroscience 419
Domains of Cognitive Neuroscience 420
Consciousness 420
The Evolution of Consciousness 420
Neural Correlates of Consciousness 420
Disorders of Consciousness 420
Hemispheric Lateralization 421
Learning About Lateralization 421
The Evolution of Lateralization 423
The Development of Lateralization 425
Implications of Lateralization for Behavior 425
Interim Summary 13.1 429
Language 430
The Origins of Language 431
Communication in Nonhuman Animals 432
Language Models 434
Variations in Language Processing 434
Multilingualism 434
American Sign Language (ASL) 434
Communication Disorders and Brain
Mechanisms for Language 435
Paul Broca and Patient Tan 435
Aphasia 435
Disorders of Reading and Writing 439
Stuttering 439
Interim Summary 13.2 440
Intelligence 442
Components of Intelligence 442
Brain Structure and Intelligence 443
Intelligence and Genetics 443
Network Neuroscience and Intelligence 444
Artificial Intelligence 444
The Neuroscience of Decision Making 446
Assigning Value 446
Implementing a Choice 447
Interim Summary 13.3 448
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 449
Connecting to Research: Savants and
Lateralization 429
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: Speech and
Language Pathology 441
Thinking Ethically: Performance-Enhancing Drugs for
the Mind? 445
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: What Is Consumer
Neuroscience? 448
14 | Social and Affective Neuroscience 451
Emotion 452
The Evolution and Adaptive Benefits of Emotion 452
Models of Emotion 453
The Expression and Recognition of Emotion 457
Biological Correlates of Emotion 462
Emotion Regulation 465
Interim Summary 14.1 466
Stress and Aggression 467
Stress 467
Aggression and Violence 470
Interim Summary 14.2 474
Social Neuroscience 475
Social Cognition and Empathy 475
The Social Neuroscience of Prejudice 476
Loneliness 477
Interim Summary 14.3 478
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 480
Connecting to Research: Facial Expressions Predict
Assault 461
Thinking Ethically: Using Neuroscience to Assess
“Dangerousness” 472
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: Forensic
Neuropsychology 475
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Reducing
Loneliness 479
15 | Neuropsychology 481
What Is Neuropsychology? 482
Who Are the Neuropsychologists? 482
Neuropsychological Assessment 482
Neurocognitive Disorders 483
Alzheimer Disease 483
Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder 487
Neurocognitive Disorder with Lewy Bodies 488
Vascular Disease (Stroke) 488
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) 490
Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive
Disorder 493
Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection 493
Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Prion Diseases 494
Interim Summary 15.1 497
Neurocognitive Disorders Due to Other
Medical Conditions 498
Brain Tumors 498
Infections 500
Epilepsy 501
Multiple Sclerosis 503
Migraine 505
Recovery and Treatment in Neurocognitive
Disorders 505
Plasticity and Recovery 505
Cognitive Reserve 506
Rehabilitation for Neurocognitive Disorders 506
Interim Summary 15.2 508
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 509
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: Preparing to
Be a Clinical Neuropsychologist 482
Thinking Ethically: The Amyloid Hypothesis of
Alzheimer Disease 485
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: Recognizing the Signs
of a Stroke 491
Connecting to Research: Stanley Prusiner and the
Prion 495
16 | Psychopathology 511
What Does It Mean to Have a Mental
Disorder? 512
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 514
Causes of ASD 514
Brain Structure and Function in ASD 515
Treatment of ASD 517
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD) 518
Causes of ADHD 519
Brain Structure and Function in ADHD 519
Treatment of ADHD 520
Interim Summary 16.1 521
Schizophrenia 521
Genetic Contributions to Schizophrenia 522
Environmental Influences on Schizophrenia 523
Brain Structure and Function in Schizophrenia 524
The Biochemistry of Schizophrenia 526
Treating Schizophrenia 527
Bipolar Disorder 528
Genetics and Bipolar Disorder 529
Environmental Factors and Bipolar Disorder 529
Brain Structure and Function in Bipolar Disorder 529
Biochemistry and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 530
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 530
Genetic Contributions to MDD 531
Environmental Influences on MDD 531
Brain Structure and Function in MDD 531
Biochemistry of MDD 532
Treatment of MDD 534
Interim Summary 16.2 535
Anxiety Disorders 535
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 536
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 538
Genetics, Brain Structure, Brain Function, and
Biochemistry in PTSD 538
Treatment of PTSD 540
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) 540
Genetics and ASPD 540
Brain Structure and Function in ASPD 540
Treatment of ASPD 541
Interim Summary 16.3 542
Chapter Review ● Thought Questions ● Key
Terms 542
Connecting to Research: The Androgynous Brain and
Mental Health 513
Neuroscience in Everyday Life: The Gut Microbiota
and Mental Disorders 514
Behavioral Neuroscience Goes to Work: Applied
Behavior Analysis 518
Thinking Ethically: How Do We Know Medications
Work? 533
Reference R-1
Name Index I-1
Subject Index/Glossary I-10