Contents
Contributors xiii
Part One Colour vision and colour perception 1
1 What is colour? 3
A.R. Hanson
1.1 Introduction: what is colour? 3
1.2 Visible light 5
1.3 Organising colours 6
1.4 Conclusions 18
References 20
Further reading 21
2 The human visual system described through visual illusions 23
A. Rizzi, C. Bonanomi
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Illusions in the context of human visual system 24
2.3 From isolated colour to colour in context: Some experiments 29
2.4 Examples of the different groups of colour illusions 33
2.5 Conclusions 39
References 40
Further reading 41
3 Variability in normal and defective colour vision: Consequences for occupational environments 43
M. Rodriguez-Carmona, J.L. Barbur
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Vision information channels 43
3.3 The concept of the luminous efficiency function 45
3.4 Photoreceptor contrasts and the CIE (x,y) chromaticity chart 49
3.5 Individual differences in colour vision 51
3.6 Methods of assessing colour vision loss 56
3.7 Anomaloscope variability in the parameters of the yellow match 61
3.8 Colour assessment and diagnostics (CAD) test 65
3.9 Colour in occupational environments 78
3.10 Colour in healthcare 86
3.11 Conclusions 91
Sources of further information and advice 92
Acknowledgements 92
References 93
Further reading 97
4 Colour description and communication 99
J.S. Setchell
4.1 Introduction: describing and communicating colour 99
4.2 Colour order systems 102
4.3 Named colour systems 104
4.4 Colour naming 107
4.5 Instrumental measurement of colour 108
4.6 Digital imaging systems 113
4.7 Colour constancy 120
4.8 Metamerism 120
4.9 Colour standards 120
4.10 Colour difference 121
4.11 Computation of colour coordinates 121
4.12 Derivation of the CIE 1931 Standard Observer 124
4.13 Future trends 127
4.14 Sources of information 127
References 128
5 Colour naming for colour design 131
D. Mylonas, L. MacDonald
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Previous colour naming studies 132
5.3 Online colour naming experiment 135
5.4 English colour names 138
5.5 Additional basic colour terms 140
5.6 Gender differences 142
5.7 An online colour naming model 145
5.8 Twitter and Google Books 148
5.9 Colour naming selection guidelines 151
5.10 Conclusions and future directions 151
References 152
Recommended books 154
Further reading 155
6 Colour in food 157
J.B. Hutchings
6.1 Introduction 157
6.2 Colour, evolution and health 157
6.3 Appearance 159
6.4 Total appearance and expectations 161
6.5 Assessment and measurement 162
6.6 Halo effects, commercial exploitation and ethics 164
6.7 Conclusions 167
References 168
7 Understanding colour perception and preference 169
A. Hurlbert, Y. Ling
7.1 Introduction 169
7.2 The origins and uses of colour vision 170
7.3 Colour preference in humans 173
7.4 Colour preference in animals 184
7.5 Physiological effects of background and illumination
colours; ‘warm’ vs. ‘cool’ colours 185
7.6 Conclusions 188
References 188
Further reading 192
8 Colour psychology: The emotional effects of colour perception 193
B. Mikellides
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 Colour preference: the longitudinal perspective, 1970–2016 195
8.3 Colour and psycho-physiological arousal 199
8.4 Colour and subjective time estimation 208
8.5 Colour and the subjective feeling of warmth 209
8.6 Conclusions and further reading 211
Sources of further information and advice 211
References 212
Further reading 213
9 Colour, health and wellbeing through the lens of colour analytical
psychology 215
R. McKimm
9.1 Introduction 215
9.2 Human evolution, health, wellbeing and colour 216
9.3 Colour – The archaic vernacular of health and wellbeing 219
9.4 Colour analytical psychology 225
9.5 Conclusion 237
References 238
Part Two Practical application of colour in design 241
10 Enhancing design using colour 243
J. Kopacz
10.1 Introduction 243
10.2 Context is everything 244
10.3 Colour influence 250
10.4 Colour and depth perception 260
10.5 Applying colour to a surface 263
10.6 Future trends in colour application 266
10.7 Sources of further information 269
References 270
11 Teaching colour in art and design 271
R. Osborne
11.1 Theory influencing practice 271
11.2 The legacy of educational colour literature 273
11.3 Structure, significance, and the spectral versus the spiritual 276
11.4 Source, surface, sight, semblance, standards, significance and structure 280
11.5 Teaching-strategies and conclusion 282
References 283
12 Understanding and forecasting colour trends in design 285
M. Hidefi
12.1 Introduction 285
12.2 Colour trends 285
12.3 Colour trend research 289
12.4 The colour research process 292
12.5 Colour forecasting 294
12.6 Conclusions 297
References 298
Further reading 298
13 Colour in fashion design 299
J.A. King
13.1 Introduction 299
13.2 Key issues of colour in fashion design 303
13.3 Case studies 306
13.4 Conclusions 312
Sources of further information and advice 313
References 313
Further reading 315
14 Colour in interior design 317
K. Haller
14.1 Introduction 317
14.2 The role of an interior designer 318
14.3 Colour psychology 322
14.4 In the home: Colour and its many moods 325
14.5 Colour toolkit 329
14.6 Factors that influence colour 331
14.7 Colour in the public and commercial space 336
14.8 Colour trends 342
14.9 How cultural influences affect colour 345
14.10 Conclusions 345
Sources of further information and advice 347
References 347
Further reading 348
15 Light, colour and human response 349
D.L. Loe
15.1 Introduction 349
15.2 Light and vision 349
15.3 Illumination and colour metrology 353
15.4 Light sources 357
15.5 Surface colours and reflectance 363
15.6 Material damage and colour degradation caused by light 364
15.7 Considering each of the elements 365
15.8 Illumination, colour and psychological response 367
15.9 Conclusions 367
Acknowledgements 368
References 368
Further reading 369
16 The colour of the night – Light and darkness in the city 371
M. Major
16.1 Introduction 371
16.2 On Colour and Light… 371
16.3 Yesterday 373
16.4 Today 376
16.5 Tomorrow 393
References 394
17 Light and colour in the process of teaching architectural design 397
J. Pernão
17.1 Introduction 397
17.2 The importance of light and colour in architecture 398
17.3 Teaching light and colour in the process of architectural design 402
17.4 Conclusions 415
Acknowledgements 415
References 415
18 International standards for colour 417
T.M. Goodman
18.1 Introduction 417
18.2 International colour standards 421
18.3 Calibration, traceability and measurement uncertainty 444
18.4 Future trends 449
18.5 Conclusions 450
Sources of further information and advice 451
References 451
19 Colour specification and visual approval methods for textiles 453
J. Best
19.1 Introduction 453
19.2 Global colour supply chain 455
19.3 Colour communication 456
19.4 Colour specification 461
19.5 Colour vision 466
19.6 Tools for colour assessment 468
19.7 Conclusions 472
Sources of further information 472
Acknowledgements 473
Further reading 473
Part Three Culture, history and development 475
20 Colour in culture: Shifting values, understanding and functions 477
J. Mottram
References 489
Further reading 490
21 Colour for architecture: Chromatophobia, chromatophylia and gender 491
B. Mikellides
21.1 Introduction 491
21.2 The results of the cross-cultural study 492
21.3 Seven ‘kinds’ of colour-problems of concepts and terminology 494
21.4 Other related studies 495
21.5 Learning colour from nature 496
21.6 Concluding remark on colour in architectural education 498
21.7 Gender differences 498
21.8 The historical separation of colour roles 500
21.9 Architectural chromatophilia versus chromatophobia 500
21.10 The future 501
21.11 Conclusion 504
References 505
Further reading 505
22 A history of colour theory in art, design and science 507
R. Osborne
22.1 Introduction 507
22.2 The Reformation (c.1520–1550) 508
22.3 The Counter-Reformation (c.1550–1610) 510
22.4 The Early Baroque (c.1610–1645) 511
22.5 Baroque Classicism (c.1645–1715) 512
22.6 The High Baroque (c.1715–70) 513
22.7 Neo-Classicism (c.1770–1815) 515
22.8 Romanticism (c.1815–1845) 516
22.9 Victorian Classicism (c.1845–1885) 518
22.10 Early Modernism (c.1885–1915) 520
22.11 Modern Classicism (c.1915–55) 522
22.12 Late Modernism (c.1955–1985) 525
References 527
23 Cultural background influence on colours of virtual reality
games and apps 529
C. Sik Lanyi
23.1 Introduction 529
23.2 Colorimetric fundamentals 531
23.3 Measuring method 533
23.4 Discussion 549
23.5 Summary and conclusion 552
Acknowledgements 553
References 553
24 The history of dyes and pigments: From natural dyes to high performance pigments 557
A. Abel
24.1 Introduction 557
24.2 Cave paintings 558
24.3 Dyes from ancient Egypt 560
24.4 Pigments of ancient Egypt 564
24.5 Greco-Roman dyes and pigments 565
24.6 Mediaeval and middle age dyes and pigments 568
24.7 Pigments of the industrial revolution 572
24.8 Synthetic dyes 575
24.9 Organic pigments 581
24.10 Conclusion 586
References 586
Further reading 587
25 Colour printing techniques and new developments in colour printing 589
C. Parraman
25.1 Historical background to colour printing 589
25.2 Commercial colour printing in the 21st century 593
25.3 Branding, packaging and security printing 606
25.4 Colour printing and the environment 608
25.5 Glossary of terms 610
References 617
Further reading 618
26 Choosing effective colours for websites 619
C. Sik Lanyi
26.1 Introduction 619
26.2 Choosing effective website colours 620
26.3 HTML colours 622
26.4 Colour harmony 625
26.5 3D printing 627
26.6 Users with special needs (people with disability and colour deficient users) 629
26.7 Web content accessibility guidelines 632
26.8 Conclusion 636
Source of further information 638
References 638
27 Online colour representation of museum artefacts 641
V. Szucs, C. Sik Lanyi
27.1 Introduction 641
27.2 Investigations 644
27.3 Measurement results 646
27.4 Discussion 649
27.5 Summary and conclusion 650
References 650
Further reading 651
28 Textile colour waste and sustainability 653
H. Deraniyagala
28.1 Textile colouration: a romantic heritage 653
28.2 Is sustainability a need or a trend in industry? 654
28.3 Textile coloration versus environmental impacts 654
28.4 MAS holdings case study 655
28.5 Textile colouration – Wastewater and treatment 656
28.6 Impact of increasing demands for brilliant-fluorescent colours 657
28.7 Successful implementation of a textile wastewater sludge management system 658
28.8 How did we initiate our own sustainable model? 659
28.9 Focused learning in to a broader purpose 660
28.10 How could we remove the unwanted water fraction more sustainably? 661
28.11 Conclusion 668
References 669
Further reading 669
Index 671