Contents
Preface xi
1. Yarn winding for warp and weft 1
1.1 Introduction and objectives 1
1.2 Classification of winding machines 2
1.3 Package build 3
1.4 Few important terms of winding 5
1.5 Unwinding behavior 7
1.6 Classification of winding process 10
1.7 Hybrid winding (step precision winding) 20
1.8 Yarn traverse system 21
1.9 Tensioners 29
1.10 Different mechanisms to impart tension 33
1.11 Package faults 36
1.12 Knotting and splicing 41
1.13 Splicing 45
1.14 Yarn clearers 62
1.15 Automatic thread stops motion on warp winding machines 66
1.16 Waxing 68
1.17 Latest developments in drum winding 74
1.18 Contribution of different drum winding manufacturers 83
1.19 Research and development in warp winding 88
2. Pirn winding 91
2.1 Introduction 91
2.2 Types of pirn winding machines 92
2.3 Primitive ordinary pirn winding machine 92
2.4 High speed pirn winding 95
2.5 Haccoba pirn winding 96
2.6 Automatic pirn winder by Hopper 98
2.7 Quality control in pirn winding process 98
2.8 Primitive age pirn winding machine with vertical spindle 100
2.9 Major features of N-Tex pirn winding machine 100
2.10 Weft winding defects 102
2.11 Priyalaxmi pirn winding machine 102
3. Warping 104
3.1 Introduction 104
3.2 Objective 104
3.3 Mathematical justification of warping strategy 104
3.4 Elements of the warping systems 107
3.5 Leasing system 112
3.6 Expandable reed and length measuring system 114
3.7 Drum for winding sections on sectional warping machine 114
3.8 Sectional warping 119
3.9 Beaming system (thread transfer from sectional 120
warping drum to warpers beam)
3.10 Developments in warping by Tsudokama 121
3.11 Perfect beam 123
3.12 Sectional warping machine manufacturer in India 123
3.13 Latest developments in warping by KARL MAYER 124
3.14 Latest developments in warping by Benninger 125
3.15 TW1000F warper by Tsudakoma 130
3.16 Controls of end breaks in warping 131
4 Yarn sizing 134
4.1 Introduction 134
4.2 Objective 134
4.3 Hydrogen bonds 136
4.4 Bond energies 137
4.5 Cotton yarn sizing with starch 138
4.6 Chemical analysis of starch 140
4.7 Starch cooking 143
4.8 Crystalline structure of starch granule 145
4.9 Reactive positions on the molecular chains of starch 147
4.10 Modified starch 149
4.11 Alkali treatment 152
4.12 Oxidation of starch 152
4.13 Substituted starches 154
4.14 Synthetic binders 158
4.15 The behavior of starch solution 163
4.16 Sizing of synthetic yarns 164
4.17 Fiber size 165
4.18 Hot melt adhesives 167
4.19 Analysis of sized yarn under the influence of 168 squeezing pressure
4.20 Size pickup 169
4.21 The sizing machine 169
4.22 Benninger squeezing system 176
4.23 Various arrangements of multi-cylinder drying 180
4.24 Steam and condensate 182
4.25 Alternate drying arrangements 183
4.26 Hybrid convection/IR systems 185
4.27 Residual dryer 186
4.28 Flexibility in sizing system 186
4.29 The splitting zone 187
4.30 The beaming zone 188
4.31 Controls on modern sizing machine 189
4.32 Special sizing systems 191
4.33 Assessment of quality and performance of sized yarn 206
4.34 Size add-on % on warp yarn 208
4.35 Factors affecting the quality and performance of the 208 sized yarns
4.36 Online size add-on measurement by size application 209 meter AS120
4.37 Size material 211
4.38 Effect of pre-wetting of warp yarns 214
4.39 Influence of yarn quality and fiber blend 214
4.40 Mechanical and physical properties of sized yarn 214
4.41 Sonic modulus 215
4.42 Work of rupture 215
4.43 Hairiness 216
4.44 Yarn structure 216
4.45 Factors affecting the size yarn performance 217
4.46 Size material 217
4.47 Effect of drying system 217
4.48 Features of new sizing methods 218
4.49 Latest developments in yarn sizing machines 218
4.50 Contribution of Toyoda Machinery, Japan 219
4.51 Contribution of Tsudakoma 221
4.52 Contribution of some Indian sizing machine 225 manufacturers
4.53 Developments by Toyoda Machinery, Japan 225
4.54 KARL MAYER 227
4.55 Few other sizing machines 237
4.56 Classification of sizing agents 240
4.57 Quality and performance assessment of sized yarn 242
4.58 Evaluation of sized yarn 244
4.59 Warp breakage mechanism 244
4.60 Weavability 245
4.61 Mechanical and physical properties of yarn 249
4.62 Infrared reflection (IR) method 252
4.63 Microwave absorption method 253
4.64 Process control in sizing and sizing defects 254
4.65 Classimat faults 258
4.66 Yarn numbering system 259
5. Drawing-in 267
5.1 Introduction 267
5.2 Various models of Jeytex warp tying-in machine 269
5.3 Yarn dressing 270
5.4 Fully automatic warp tying machine manufacturers 271
5.5 Commonly occurring defects in drawing-in process 273
5.6 Process control in drawing-in 274
Index 276