Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xv
Part I Advances in dyes and colourants 1
1 Chromic materials for technical textile applications 3
R. M. Christie, Heriot-Watt University, UK
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Thermochromism 6
1.3 Photochromism 16
1.4 Ionochromism 25
1.5 Electrochromism 27
1.6 Miscellaneous chromic materials 30
1.7 Future trends 31
1.8 Sources of further information 32
1.9 References 33
2 Optical effect pigments for technical textile applications 37
N. Sekar, Institute of Chemical Technology, India
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Different types of pigments and dyes 38
2.3 Substrate-based effect pigments 42
2.4 Future trends 45
2.5 References 45
3 UV-absorbent, antimicrobial, water-repellent and other types of functional dye for technical textile applications 47
N. Sekar, Institute of Chemical Technology, India
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 High light-fast dyes – dyes with inbuilt UV-absorbing units 48
3.3 Antimicrobial dyes 50
3.4 Water-repellent dyes and other fl uorine-containing functional dyes 52
3.5 Biodegradable dyes 56
3.6 Fluorescent dyes and phosphorescent colorants 58
3.7 Future trends 70
3.8 References 70
4 Microencapsulated colourants for technical textile application 78
G. Nelson, Burgundy Gold Limited, UK
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 The fundamentals of microencapsulation technology 79
4.3 Applications in textile printing 86
4.4 Applications in textile processing 88
4.5 Miscellaneous applications of microencapsulated colourants 96
4.6 Commercially available products 97
4.7 Future trends 98
4.8 References 100
5 Regulations relating to the use of textile dyes and chemicals 105
D. M. Wakankar, Clariant Chemicals (India) Ltd, India
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Restricted substances and their regulation 107
5.3 Retailer standards and ecolabels 121
5.4 Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) 127
5.5 Future trends 129
5.6 References 130
Part II Advances in finishing techniques 133
6 Mechanical finishing techniques for technical textiles 135
R. Senthil Kumar and S. Sundaresan, Kumaraguru
College of Technology, India
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 Dry fi nishing techniques 136
6.3 Calendering 140
6.4 Wet fi nishing techniques 147
6.5 Mechanical fi nishing technologies and applications 150
6.6 Sources of further information and advice 152
6.7 Further reading 153
7 Softening treatments for technical textiles 154
D. Gupta, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
7.1 Introduction 154
7.2 Methods of softening 155
7.3 Chemistry of softeners 159
7.4 Application of softeners to technical textiles 163
7.5 Effect of softeners on textile properties 166
7.6 Environmental impact of softeners 169
7.7 Measurement of fabric softness 170
7.8 Future trends 172
7.9 References 173
8 The use of enzymatic techniques in the fi nishing of technical textiles 177
R. Paul and E. Genescà, LEITAT Technological
Center, Spain
8.1 Introduction: use of enzymes in textile fi nishing 177
8.2 Enzymatic processing of natural fi bres 181
8.3 Surface modifi cation and functionalization of synthetic fi bres 187
8.4 Application of enzymes in the fi nishing of technical textiles 189
8.5 Assessment techniques and future trends 192
8.6 References 193
9 The use of surfactants in the fi nishing of technical textiles 199
C. N. Sivaramakrishnan, Anmol Polymers Private
Limited, India
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 Raw materials for surfactants 205
9.3 Cationic and non-ionic surfactants 210
9.4 Novel surfactants 216
9.5 Applications of surfactants 231
9.6 Conclusion 234
9.7 Further reading 235
10 Inkjet printing of technical textiles 236
K. Maguire King, [TC]2 – Textile/Clothing Technology
Corporation, USA
10.1 Introduction 236
10.2 Development of printer hardware for inkjet printing of textiles 238
10.3 Ink chemistry for technical textiles 244
10.4 Development of auxiliary equipment and supporting software 248
10.5 Trends in technology development 251
10.6 Technology application 255
10.7 Conclusion 256
10.8 References 257
11 Functional fi nishes to improve the comfort and protection of apparel 258
R. M. Cloud, Baylor University, USA, W. Cao, California
State University – Northridge, USA and G. Song,
University of Alberta, Canada
11.1 Introduction 258
11.2 Finishes to improve comfort 259
11.3 Finishes to provide protection 267
11.4 Comfort and health issues related to textile finishes 272
11.5 Future trends 273
11.6 Sources of further information and advice 274
11.7 References 274
12 The use of nanotechnology in the fi nishing of technical textiles 280
M. L. Gulrajani, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,
India
12.1 Introduction 280
12.2 Hydrophobic nano-fi nishes 281
12.3 Super-hydrophobic nano-fi nishes 284
12.4 Photocatalytic self-cleaning nano-fi nishes 293
12.5 Antimicrobial nano-fi nishes 298
12.6 References 303
13 Speciality polymers for the fi nishing of technical textiles 309
M. Jassal and A. K. Agrawal, Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi, India
13.1 Introduction 309
13.2 Temperature responsive breathable coatings for smart textiles 315
13.3 Bioactive fi nishes for protection against biological attack and other medical applications 320
13.4 Finishes for protection against fl ame and thermal radiation 323
13.5 Repellent, release, hydrophobic and self-cleaning fi nishes 327
13.6 Finishes for conducting textiles 334
13.7 Other functional fi nishes 340
13.8 Conclusions and future trends 343
13.9 Sources of further information and advice 343
13.10 References 344
14 Application technologies for coating, lamination and fi nishing of technical textiles 355
M. Joshi and B. S. Butola, Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, India
14.1 Introduction 355
14.2 Coating technology 357
14.3 Roll coating 361
14.4 Lamination methods 372
14.5 Finishing methods 380
14.6 Plasma processing 389
14.7 Plasma system classification 392
14.8 Advances in application of speciality finishes/coatings 398
14.9 Conclusion 407
14.10 Acknowledgements 408
14.11 References 409
Index 412