Contents
Contributor contact details x
Part I General issues
1 The design principles of geosynthetics 3
R. M. KOERNER, Drexel University, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Past practice in geosynthetic design 3
1.3 Present practice in geosynthetic design 4
1.4 Possible future practice in geosynthetic design 10
1.5 Summary and conclusions 16
1.6 Acknowledgements 18
1.7 References 18
2 The material properties of geosynthetics 19
S. W. PERKINS, Montana State University, USA
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Physical properties 20
2.3 Mechanical properties 21
2.4 Hydraulic properties 27
2.5 Endurance properties 29
2.6 Degradation 31
2.7 Sources of further information 33
2.8 References 34
3 The durability of geosynthetics 36
G. R. KOERNER, Y. G. HSUAN and R. M. KOERNER,
Drexel University, USA
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Mechanisms of degradation 42
3.3 Synergistic effects 51
3.4 Accelerated testing methods 54
3.5 Summary and conclusion 59
3.6 Acknowledgements 61
3.7 References 61
4 National and international standards governing geosynthetics
L. D. SUITS, North American Geosynthetics Society, USA
4.1 Why standardization? 66
4.2 Types of standard 66
4.3 Standards development organizations 68
4.4 Geosynthetic standards 73
4.5 Future trends 74
4.6 Conclusions 92
4.7 References 93
Part II Applications
5 Multifunctional uses of geosynthetics in civil 97 engineering
C. J. F. P. JONES, Newcastle University, UK
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 Composite geosynthetics 98
5.3 Smart geosynthetics 100
5.4 Active geosynthetics 104
5.5 Future trends 121
5.6 Sources of further information 123
5.7 References 123
6 The use of geosynthetics as filters in civil 127 engineering
J. FANNIN, University of British Columbia, Canada
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Compatibility requirements 129
6.3 Material properties for design 130
6.4 Design criteria 134
6.5 Specification of materials 141
6.6 Construction considerations 142
6.7 Sources of further information 143
6.8 Future trends 144
6.9 References 145
7 The use of geosynthetics as separators in civil 148 engineering
W. WILMERS, Germany
7.1 Introduction 148
7.2 Applications 151
7.3 Requirements for geotextiles 156
7.4 Requirements for fill material 160
7.5 Construction 161
7.6 References 162
7.7 Regulations 162
8 Landfill applications 163
T. MEGGYES, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Germany
8.1 Waste separation and pretreatment 163
8.2 Landfill concepts 164
8.3 Landfill phases 166
8.4 Landfill liners 166
8.5 Design considerations for earthen liners 170
8.6 Design considerations for geomembrane liners 172
8.7 Drainage systems 173
8.8 Landfill gas generation and management 174
8.9 Cut-off walls 174
8.10 Safety analysis of landfill liners 175
8.11 Acknowledgements 175
8.12 References 175
8.13 Further reading 176
9 The use of geosynthetics as barrier materials in 181 civil engineering
H. ZANZINGER, SKZ-TeConA GmbH, Germany
9.1 History 181
9.2 Products 183
9.3 Design 186
9.4 Hydraulic applications 188
9.5 Tunnelling 190
9.6 Transportation 191
9.7 Landfills 191
9.8 Construction of geosynthetic barriers 196
9.9 References 198
10 The use of geosynthetics to improve the 201 performance of foundations in civil engineering
J. G. COLLIN, The Collin Group Ltd, USA
10.1 Introduction 201
10.2 Column-supported embankments 201
10.3 Advantages and disadvantages of column-supported embankments 205
10.4 Feasibility evaluations 206
10.5 Design concepts 206
10.6 Geosynthetic-reinforced soil foundations 225
10.7 References 229
11 Quality assurance for geosynthetics 233
D. SMITH, EDGE Consultants UK Ltd, UK
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 Definitions 234
11.3 Responsibilities 234
11.4 Design aspects 235
11.5 Manufacturing quality control 237
11.6 Installation and construction 238
11.7 Benefits 241
11.8 Costs 241
11.9 Future trends and sources of further information 242
11.10 References 242
12 Limited-life geosynthetics 244
R. W. SARSBY, University of Wolverhampton, UK
12.1 Introduction 244
12.2 Concept of limited-life geosynthetics 244
12.3 Natural fibres as industrial materials 248
12.4 Agro-industrial fibres 251
12.5 Vegetable fibre characteristics 258
12.6 Erosion control 263
12.7 Basal reinforcement of embankments on soft soil 272
12.8 Conclusions 282
12.9 References 283
Index 287