Contents
Contributor contact details xiii
Woodhead Publishing in Textiles xvii
Part I Polyester and polyamide fundamentals 1
1 Polyester resins 3
P. S a n t h a n a G o pa l a K r i s h n a n and
S. T. Ku l k a r n i, Futura Polyesters Ltd, Chennai, India
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Classification 4
1.3 History 8
1.4 Polymerization methods 10
1.5 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) 12
1.6 Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) 20
1.7 Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) 23
1.8 Poly(1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate) (PCT) 26
1.9 Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) 27
1.10 Polylactic acid (PLA) 31
1.11 World market 32
1.12 Future trends 34
1.13 Acknowledgements 34
1.14 Sources of further information and advice 35
1.15 References 35
B. L. D e opu r a, Indian Institute of Technology,
New Delhi, India
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Nylon 66 42
2.3 Nylon 6 44
2.8 References 60
3.1 Introduction 62
3.4 Fundamental principles and types of melt spinning process 77
3.6 High speed spinning and novel spinning 88
3.7 Acknowledgements 94
3.8 References 95
A. K. Agr awal and M. Ja s s a l, Indian Institute of
Technology, New Delhi, India
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Nylon 6,6 98
4.3 Nylon 6 100
4.4 Effect of temperature 102
4.5 Effect of water concentration 102
4.6 Effect of stabilizer type and amount 103
4.7 Reactor design 104
4.9 Modification at polymerization stage 116
4.10 Dyeability of nylon 6 118
4.11 Cationic dyeable nylon 6 120
4.12 Antistatic and hydrophilic nylon 6 121
4.13 Flame retardant nylon 6 122
4.14 Elements of melt spinning process of nylons 122
4.15 Structure development during melt spinning of polyamides 124
4.16 Spinning of nylon 6 129
4.17 Drawing and heat setting 131
4.18 Mechanism of drawing in polyamides 134
4.19 Heat setting 135
4.20 References 137
Thermal properties of nylon fibers
Physical structure of nylon fiber
Mechanical behavior of nylon fibers
Applications of nylon fibers
Manufacture of polyester fibres
Raw materials of polyester fibres in industry
C. A. L i n, Feng Chia University, Taiwan
Polymerisation process of polyester fibres in industry
Heat setting and textured yarn of filament
Manufacture of polyamide fibres
Synthesis of modified polyamides
D. W. Fa r r i ng t on, Consultant, UK, J. L u n t,
S. Dav i e s, NatureWorks LLC, USA and
R. S. Bl ac k bu r n, University of Leeds, UK
5.1 Introduction 140
5.2 Chemistry and manufacture of PLA polymer resin 141
5.4 Applications 149
5.5 Environmental sustainability 161
5.6 Future trends 167
5.7 References 168
6 Environmental impact of polyester and polyamide textiles 171
K. S l at e r, University of Guelph, Canada
6.1 Introduction 171
6.2 Types of environmental impact 171
6.3 Pollution types 172
6.4 Pollution prevention and control 172
6.5 Environmental impact of textile production processes and use conditions 177
6.6 Use conditions 185
6.7 Pollution control strategies 186
6.8 Eco-friendly technology options 190
6.9 Future trends 193
6.10 Sources of further information and advice 194
6.11 References 195
Part II Improving functionality of polyesters and polyamides 201
M. G. Kamath and G. S. Bh at, University of
Tennessee, USA
7.1 Introduction 203
7.2 Production, properties and applications of physically 204
7.3 Production, properties and applications of chemically 209
7.4 Design and process control aspects 215
7.5 Future trends 216
7.6 References 217
Poly(lactic acid) fibers (PLA)
5.3 PLA fiber properties
7 Specialty fibers from polyesters and polyamides
8 Property enhancement through blending 219
R. A l ag i rus a m y and A. Da s, Indian Institute of
Technology, New Delhi, India
8.1 Introduction 219
8.3 Evaluation of the blend 222
8.4 Migration 225
8.5 De-blending 227
8.6 Selection of blend constituents 227
8.7 Blend ratio 231
8.8 Types of blending operation properties 234
8.10 Blended yarn structures 240
8.11 Blending for speciality products 245
8.12 Summary 251
8.13 References 251
9 Weaving technology for manufacturing high performance fabrics 253
B. K. B e h e r a, Indian Institute of Technology,
New Delhi, India
9.1 Principles of fabric formation 253
9.2 Fundamentals of woven structure 254
9.3 Basic weaves 255
9.4 Theoretical considerations in woven structure 257
9.5 High performance fabric 259
9.6 Yarn preparation for high quality fabric 260
9.7 Weaving systems 262
9.8 Production of some speciality fabrics 269
9.9 Future outlook in weaving 276
9.10 References 277
10 Advances in coloration of polyester textiles 279
M. L. Gu l r a ja n i, Indian Institute of Technology,
10.1 Evolution of dyeing of polyester 279
10.2 Disperse dyes 280
10.3 Theory of dyeing with disperse dyes 283
10.5 Dyeing procedures 289
8.2 Staple fibre blending
New Delhi, India
Effect of fibre structure on dyeing
10.6 New methods of dyeing 292
10.8 References 298
11 Flame-retardant polyester and polyamide textiles 306
P. J o s e p h, University of Ulster, UK and J. R. E bdon,
11.1 Background 306
11.2 Introduction 307
11.3 Testing procedure and hazard assessments – general aspects 308
11.4 Polyesters 314
11.5 Polyamides 318
11.6 Conclusions and future trends 320
11.7 Sources for further information and advice 321
11.8 References 321
12 polyamide-based textiles 325
B. S. Bu t ol a, Indian Institute of Technology,
New Delhi, India
12.1 Introduction 325
12.2 textiles 326
12.3 laminating 327
12.4 345
12.5 Future trends 348
12.6 Sources of further information and advice 348
12.7 References 349
13 The impact of nanotechnology on polyesters,
polyamides and other textiles 354
India
13.1 Introduction 354
13.2 What is nanotechnology? 354
13.3 Origin of nanotechnology 355
13.4 Nanotechnology: applications in textiles 356
13.5 357
13.6 Nanocoatings 370
13.7 Nanocomposite coatings 379
Dyeing of chemically modified polyester fibres
University of Sheffield, UK
Advances in functional finishes for polyester and
Properties and uses of polyester and polyamide fibre/
Imparting functionality through finishing/coating/
Recent advances in finishing
M. Jo sh i, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi,
Nanotechnology based surface modification of textiles
13.13 Future trends 406
13.14 References 409
V. K. Kothar i, Indian Institute of Technology,
New Delhi, India
14.1 Introduction 419
14.2 Properties of polyesters and polyamides and their suitability for apparel applications 421
14.4 Blends of polyamide and polyester 426
14.5 Apparel applications of polyamide and polyester fabric 430
14.6 Comparison of polyesters and polyamides 430
14.8 Current market potentials 436
14.9 Future prospects 438
14.10 Acknowledgement 439
14.11 References 439
15 Polyester and nylon based textiles in biomedical engineering 441
B. Gu p ta, N. Grov e r, S. Vi j u and S. Sa x ena,
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
15.1 Introduction 441
15.2 Textiles for biomedicine 442
15.3 Textiles for hygiene products 482
15.4 Intelligent textiles 492
15.5 Conclusion 495
15.6 References 496
16 Sports applications 505
J. McCa n n, University of Wales, Newport, UK
16.1 Introduction 505
16.2 Fibre developments and characteristics 508
Polymer/clay nanocomposite fibers (PCNF)
Carbon nanotube (CNT) based nanocomposite fibers
Nanotechnology based fiber modifications
Nanoparticle based nanocomposite fibers
13.12 Nanofibers
Part III Applications of fibrous polyesters and polyamides
Polyester and polyamide fibres – apparel applications
16.3 Design considerations 513
16.4 Textile selection 516
16.5 Future trends 520
16.6 Sources of further information and advice 523
17 Automotive applications 525
T. M a t s uo, SCI-TEX, Japan
17.1 Introduction 525
17.3 Rubber composite parts 530
17.4 Internal safety systems 533
17.5 Car interiors 536
17.6 Others 538
17.7 Conclusion 539
17.8 References and bibliography 540
18 Applications of polyesters and polyamides in
civil engineering 542
R. Fanguei ro, C. Gon ilho P er ei ra and
M. d e A r aújo, University of Minho, Portugal
18.1 Introduction 542
18.2 construction applications 542
18.4 Geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications 558
18.5 Textile architectural applications 566
18.6 Ocean engineering applications 578
18.7 References 587
Polyester and polyamide fibres for automotive use in
16.7 References terms of fibre performance requirements
Polyester and polyamide fibres and structures for civil