Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Woodhead Publishing in Textiles xv
Introduction xxi
Part I Material and design issues in cold weather clothing
1 Comfort and thermoregulatory requirements in
cold weather clothing 3
R. RO S S I , Empa Materials Science and Technology,
Switzerland
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Human thermoregulation in the cold 4
1.3 Clothing and comfort 6
1.4 Thermal and tactile comfort in the cold 7
1.5 New trends in thermoregulatory textiles for cold protection 14
1.6 References 15
2 Thermal insulation properties of textiles and clothing 19
G. SONG, University of Alberta, Canada
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Thermal comfort 20
2.3 Heat transfer in fabrics 21
2.4 Moisture transport in fabrics 23
2.5 Fibre properties and thermal insulation 24
2.6 Yarn/fabric structure and thermal insulation 25
2.7 Predicting heat and moisture transfer in fabrics 27
2.8 Conclusions 30
2.9 References 30
3 Assessing fabrics for cold weather apparel: the case of wool 33
R. M. L A I N G , University of Otago, New Zealand
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Developments and demonstration of efficacy of wool apparel 35
3.3 Summary and future trends 48
3.4 Sources of further information and advice 51
3.5 References 52
4 Coating and laminating fabrics for cold weather apparel 56
R. LOMA X , Baxenden, a Chemtura Company, UK
4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Historical aspects and evolution of the modern industry 57
4.3 Breathable membranes 61
4.4 Manufacture and properties of coated and laminated fabrics 67
4.5 Testing of coated and laminated fabrics 72
4.6 Environmental issues 76
4.7 Current applications 78
4.8 Future trends 80
4.9 Sources of further information and advice 81
4.10 References 82
5 The use of smart materials in cold weather apparel 84
J. HU and MU R U G E S H BA B U K., Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hong Kong
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Design requirements for cold weather clothing 85
5.3 Types of smart fibres and fabrics 89
5.4 The use of shape-memory materials 92
5.5 The use of phase-change materials 101
5.6 Future trends 107
5.7 References and further reading 109
6 Biomimetics and the design of outdoor clothing 113
V. KA P S A L I , University of the Arts London, UK
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Inspiration from nature 114
6.3 Biological paradigms for outdoor clothing 118
6.4 Future trends 128
6.5 Sources of further information and advice 128
6.6 References 129
7 Designing for ventilation in cold weather apparel 131
N. GH A D D A R and K. GH A L I , American University of Beirut, Lebanon
7.1 Introduction: importance and function of ventilation in cold weather apparel 131
7.2 Water vapour transport through cold weather textiles at low temperatures 133
7.3 Layering cold weather clothing 135
7.4 Mechanism of ventilation in cold weather 136
7.5 Factors affecting ventilation 142
7.6 Recommendations and advice on clothing design for ventilation 147
7.7 Future trends 149
7.8 References 149
7.9 Nomenclature 151
8 Factors affecting the design of cold weather performance clothing 152
J. BO U G O U R D , University of the Arts London, UK and
J. MCCA N N , University of Wales, Newport, UK
8.1 Introduction 152
8.2 Traditional design development processes 153
8.3 Stages in the process 155
8.4 Case studies: motorcycling and climbing 184
8.5 Future trends 190
8.6 Acknowledgements 191
8.7 Sources of further information and advice 191
8.8 References 191
Part II Evaluation and care of cold weather clothing
9 Standards and legislation governing cold weather clothing 199
H. MAÈ
K I N E N , Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 Development of legislation and standards 200
9.3 Directives on personal protective equipment 201
9.4 European standards for cold protective clothing 203
9.5 Cold protective clothing standards outside Europe 212
9.6 Future trends 212
9.7 Sources of further information and advice 213
9.8 References 214
10 Laboratory assessment of cold weather clothing 217
G. HA V E N I T H , Loughborough University, UK
10.1 Introduction 217
10.2 Clothing properties relevant in cold 219
10.3 Material/fabric testing 220
10.4 Garment and ensemble testing: physical apparatus 223
10.5 Garment and ensemble testing: human subjects 229
10.6 Special applications 233
10.7 Future trends 239
10.8 References 240
11 Evaluation of cold weather clothing using manikins 244
E. A. MCCU L L O U G H , Kansas State University, USA
11.1 Introduction 244
11.2 Manikin tests vs. fabric tests 244
11.3 Thermal manikins 245
11.4 Measuring the thermal resistance of cold weather clothing systems 246
11.5 Measuring the evaporative resistance of cold weather clothing systems 249
11.6 Moving manikins 251
11.7 Using manikins under transient conditions 251
11.8 Temperature ratings 253
11.9 Conclusions 253
11.10 References 254
12 Human wear trials for cold weather protective clothing systems 256
I. HO LMEÂ
R , Lund University, Sweden
12.1 Introduction 256
12.2 Types of human wear trials 257
12.3 Discussion 270
12.4 Sources of further information and advice 271
12.5 References 272
13 Care and maintenance of cold weather protective clothing 274
N. KE R R , J. C. BA T C H E L L E R and E. M. CR OWN ,
The University of Alberta, Canada
13.1 Introduction 274
13.2 Home (domestic) laundering procedures 276
13.3 Professional textile care 281
13.4 Problem areas for maintenance of cold weather clothing 285
13.5 Care of cold weather clothing ± case studies 289
13.6 New developments 295
13.7 Sources of further information and advice 296
13.8 References 298
Appendix: Examples of home laundry detergents tailored for special purposes 301
Part III Cold weather clothing applications
14 Cold weather clothing for military applications 305
R. A. S C O T T , Colchester, UK
14.1 Introduction 305
14.2 History of military cold weather operations 306
14.3 General military clothing requirements 307
14.4 Incompatibilities in combat clothing systems 309
14.5 Biomedical aspects of protective combat clothing 310
14.6 Underwear materials 311
14.7 Thermal insulation materials 312
14.8 Waterproof/water vapour permeable materials 316
14.9 Materials for current UK combat clothing systems 320
14.10 Military hand- and footwear for cold climates 321
14.11 Research and development of future materials 323
14.12 References 326
15 Protective clothing for cold workplace environments 329
I. HO LMEÂ
R , Lund University, Sweden
15.1 Introduction 329
15.2 Directives and standards 330
15.3 Protection requirements 331
15.4 Clothing for cold protection 336
15.5 Sources of further information and advice 340
15.6 References 340
16 Footwear for cold weather conditions 342
K. KU K L A N E , Lund University, Sweden
16.1 Introduction 342
16.2 Criteria for cold protective footwear 343
16.3 Feet in cold 344
16.4 Foot and footwear related injuries in cold 348
16.5 Footwear insulation 350
16.6 The effect of moisture in the footwear 355
16.7 Design of cold protective footwear 361
16.8 Socks 367
16.9 References 370
17 Gloves for protection from cold weather 374
P. I. DO L E Z and T. VU -KH A N H , EÂ cole de technologie supeÂrieure, Canada
17.1 Introduction: key issues of gloves in cold environments 374
17.2 Design, structure and materials used for hand protection in cold environments 376
17.3 Effect of cold temperatures on physical and mechanical properties of materials 381
17.4 Protection properties 383
17.5 Functionality and comfort 386
17.6 Applications/examples 388
17.7 Future trends 390
17.8 Sources of further information and advice 391
17.9 Acknowledgments 392
17.10 References 392
Index 399