Contents
List of contributors xiii
About the editors xix
Preface xxi
1. Recent studies on durability of natural/synthetic fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites 1
K. Mayandi, N. Rajini, M. Manojprabhakar, Suchart Siengchin and
Nadir Ayrilmis
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Durability of hybrid composites based on ultraviolet radiation effect 3
1.3 Durability of hybrid composites based on moisture absorption effect 8
1.4 Conclusions 12
References 13
2. Durability of natural/synthetic/biomass fiberebased polymeric
composites: laboratory and field tests 15
Ehsan Bari, Jeffrey J. Morrell and Asghar Sistani
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Natural fibers 16
2.3 Synthetic fibers 16
2.4 Biomass fibers 16
2.5 Degradation of biofibers and its properties 17
2.6 Effect of degradation on dimensional behavior 17
2.7 Biodegradable polymers 17
2.8 Biodegradation 18
2.9 Why biodegradable polymers are notable? 18
2.10 Durability tests of biocomposites 18
2.11 Conclusion 23
References 23
3. Prediction of the cyclic durability of woven-hybrid composites 27
Marya Raji, Hind Abdellaoui, Hamid Essabir, Charles-Amani Kakou,
Rachid Bouhfid and Abou el kacem Qaiss
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Woven hybrid composites 28
3.3 Problems 31
3.4 The factors influencing the durability of woven hybrid composite 41
3.5 Prediction of the cyclic durability of composites 45
3.6 Conclusion 54
References 55
4. Fatigue life prediction of textile/woven hybrid composites 63
Mohaiman Jaffar Sharba, Z. Leman and M.T.H. Sultan
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Fatigue properties of hybrid composites 63
4.3 Factors influencing mechanical properties and fatigue life
of hybrid composites 67
4.4 Summary 78
References 78
Further reading 82
5. Durability of composite materials during hydrothermal and
environmental aging 83
Marya Raji, Nadia Zari, Rachid Bouhfid and Abou el kacem Qaiss
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Durability of polymer composites 83
5.3 Polymer composites aging 84
5.4 Accelerated aging of polymer composites 89
5.5 Conclusion 102
Acknowledgments 111
References 111
6. Impact damage analysis of hybrid composite materials 121
Noorshazlin Razali, M.T.H. Sultan and Mohammad Jawaid
6.1 What are hybrid composites? 121
6.2 Impact tests 122
6.3 Classification of impact tests 122
6.4 Low-velocity impact 123
6.5 Ballistic impact 125
6.6 Orbital impact 125
6.7 Damage progression 126
6.8 Nondestructive testing 127
6.9 Conclusion 130
Acknowledgments 130
References 130
7. Damage analysis of glass fiber reinforced composites 133
Syafiqah Nur Azrie Bt Safri, M.T.H. Sultan and Mohammad Jawaid
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Impact testing 133
7.3 Damage analysis using Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) 136
7.4 Experimental procedure for damage detection 137
7.5 Results from the dye penetrant testing 139
7.6 Optical microscope analysis 141
7.7 Conclusion 144
Acknowledgments 145
References 145
8. Accelerated testing methodology for long-term life prediction
of cellulose-based polymeric composite materials 149
Ida Idayu Muhamad, Khairul Azly Zahan, Norhayati Pa’e,
Mohd Harfiz Salehudin, Nozieana Khairuddin, Aishah Mohd Marsin,
Abd Halim Mohd Yusof and Eraricar Salleh
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 Aging mechanisms in polymer composite materials 150
8.3 Life prediction of polymeric composite materials 153
8.4 Standard accelerated ageing test methods 157
8.5 Polymeric composite cellulose/cement developmentecase studies 158
8.6 Fabrication of sand-biocement blocks 163
8.7 Results and discussion 164
8.8 Conclusions and future perspective 167
Acknowledgments 167
References 168
Further reading 171
9. Evaluation of the effects of decay and weathering in cellulosereinforced
fiber composites 173
Rudi Dungani, Pingkan Aditiawati, Md. Nazrul Islam,
Nurjaman A. Sri Aprilia, Sri Hartati, Aminudin Sulaeman,
Ihak Sumardi, Tati Karliati, Karnita Yuniarti and Sutrisno
9.1 Introduction 173
9.2 Degradation on material-based biomass 175
9.3 Degradation by water and soil application 182
9.4 Degradation by weathering application 186
9.5 Recent advancements of biocomposite applications for quality
and durability service 198
9.6 Conclusion 199
References 200
10. Long-term strength and durability evaluation of sisal fiber
composites 211
G. Ramakrishna and T. Sundararajan
10.1 Introduction 211
10.2 Experimental investigations 212
10.3 Results and discussion 214
10.4 Conclusions 247
References 254
Further reading 255
11. The environmental impact of natural fiber composites through
life cycle assessment analysis 257
M.R. Mansor, M.T. Mastura, S.M. Sapuan and A.Z. Zainudin
11.1 Introduction 257
11.2 Review of life cycle assessment analysis for natural fiber
composites 258
11.3 Case study on simplified life cycle assessment analysis for
hybrid natural fiber composite automotive components 267
11.4 Conclusion 280
Acknowledgments 280
References 280
12. Understanding the durability of long sacred grass/Imperata
cylindrica natural/hybrid FRP composites 287
Nadendla Srinivasababu
12.1 Introduction 287
12.2 Materials and processing 290
12.3 Results and discussion 291
12.4 Conclusions 298
References 298
13. Experimental determination of tribo behavior of fiber-reinforced
composites and its prediction with artificial neural networks 301
Hiral H. Parikh and Piyush P. Gohil
13.1 Introduction 301
13.2 Research trends 302
13.3 Experiments 302
13.4 Results and discussions 310
13.5 Modeling wear response 311
13.6 Conclusion 314
List of abbreviations 318
References 318
14. Investigation of the mechanical properties of Napier-grassreinforced
composites for the aerospace industry: a review 321
Norrahim Abu Bakar, M.T.H. Sultan, Mohd Edyazuan Azni and
Ahmad Hamdan Ariffin
14.1 Introduction 321
14.2 Napier grass fiber 322
14.3 Methodology 324
14.4 Mechanical properties of Napier grass fiber-reinforced
composites 328
14.5 Conclusion 330
Acknowledgments 332
References 333
15. The flammability of biocomposites 335
Oisik Das, Nam Kyeun Kim, Mikael S. Hedenqvist and
Debes Bhattacharyya
15.1 Introduction 335
15.2 Types of flame retardants 336
15.3 Research on flammability of biocomposites 338
15.4 Instruments and standards to measure thermal properties and
flammability of biocomposites 341
15.5 Biochar as a flame-resistant composite constituent 347
15.6 Fire-resistant natural fiber (wool) 353
15.7 Fire properties of protein materials (wheat gluten) 359
15.8 Conclusions 362
References 362
16. Nondestructive testing method for Kevlar and natural fiber and
their hybrid composites 367
Siti Madiha Muhammad Amir, M.T.H. Sultan, Mohammad Jawaid,
Ahmad Hamdan Ariffin, Shukri Mohd, Khairul Anuar Mohd Salleh,
Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak and Ain Umaira Md Shah
16.1 Introduction 367
16.2 Hybrid composites 367
16.3 Damage and defects in composites 370
16.4 Nondestructive testing 371
16.5 Conclusion and future perspective 380
Acknowledgments 383
References 383
17. A novel approach to rheological and impact strength of fibrereinforced cement/cementitious composites for durability evaluation 389
G. Ramakrishna and T. Sundararajan
17.1 Introduction 389
17.2 Rheological strength and durability of cement/cementitious mortar composite 389
17.3 Conclusions 404
Acknowledgments 404
References 404
18. Effects of high temperature and ultraviolet radiation on polymer composites 407
Yern Chee Ching, TMS Udenni Gunathilake, Kuan Yong Ching,
Cheng Hock Chuah, Viorel Sandu, Ramesh Singh and Nai-Shang Liou
18.1 Introduction 407
18.2 Polymer composite materials for high-temperature applications 408
18.3 Effects of high temperature on tensile, compression, and viscoelastic properties of polymer composite materials 412
18.4 Methods to improve the temperature resistance properties of polymer composites 414
18.5 Polymer composite materials for UV-resistant applications 416
18.6 Effect of UV radiation on mechanical properties and color stability of polymer composites 418
18.7 Methods to improve the UV resistance properties of polymer composites 420
Conclusion 422
Acknowledgments 422
References 423
Further reading 426
Index 427