Design Basics, Ninth Edition
By Stephen Pentak and David A. Lauer
Contents:
Preface xi
Part 1 design principles
Chapter 1 design process 2
Introduction
Design Defined 4
Procedures Steps in the Process 6
Thinking Getting Started 8
Form and Content 10
Form and Function 12
Looking Sources: Nature 14
Sources: Artifacts and Objects 16
Sources: History and Culture 18
Doing Thinking with Materials 20
Doing and Redoing 22
Critique Constructive Criticism 24
Introduction
Harmony 28
Visual Unity 30
Gestalt Visual Perception 32
Ways To Achieve Unity Proximity 34
Repetition 36
Continuation 38
Continuity and the Grid 40
Unity With Variety The Grid 42
Varied Repetition 44
Emphasis on Unity 46
Emphasis on Variety 48
Chaos and Control 50
Unity At Work Film and Painting 52
Chapter 3 Emphasis And Focal Point 54
Introduction
Attracting Attention 56
Ways To Achieve Emphasis
Emphasis by Contrast 58
Emphasis by Isolation 60
Emphasis by Placement 62
Degree Of Emphasis
One Element 64
Absence Of Focal Point Emphasizing the Whole over the Parts 66
Chapter 4 Scale And Proportion 68
Introduction
Scale and Proportion 70
Scale Of Art Human Scale Reference 72
Scale Within Art
Internal Proportions and References 74
Contrast of Scale 76
MANIPULAT ING SCALE Hieratic Scale and Fantasy 78
Proportion The Human Standard 80
Geometry and Notions of the Ideal 82
Root Rectangles 84
Chapter 5 Balance 86
Introduction 88
Imbalance Horizontal and Vertical Placement 90
Symmetrical Balance Bilateral Symmetry 92
Examples from Various Art Forms 94
Asymmetrical Balance Introduction 96
Balance by Value and Color 98
Balance by Texture and
Pattern 100
Balance by Position and
Eye Direction 102
Analysis Summary 104
Radial Balance
Examples in Nature and Art 106
Crystallographic Balance
Allover Pattern 108
Chapter 6 Rhythm 110
Introduction
Engaging the Senses 112
Visual Rhythm 114
Rhythm And Motion
Shapes and Repetition 116
Alternating Rhythm
Patterns and Sequence 118
Progressive Rhythm
Converging Patterns 120
Polyrhythmic Structures
A Study in Contrast 122
Part 2 design elements
Chapter 7 Line 126
Introduction
A Point Set in Motion 128
Line And Shape
Defining Shape and Form 130
Types Of Line
Contour and Gesture 132
Inherent Line
Structure of the Rectangle 134
CONNECTING POINTS OF EMPHASIS
Implied and Psychic Lines 136
LINE DIRECTION
Horizontal, Vertical,
and Diagonal Lines 138
LINE QUALITY
Creating Variety and Emphasis 140
Line As Value
Using Lines to Create
Dark and Light 142
Line In Painting
Outline of Forms 144
Explicit Gestural Line 146
Lost-And-Found Contour
Suggestions of Form 148
Chapter 8 Shape 150
Introduction
Shaping Perception 152
Predominance Of Shape 154
Volume/Mass
Working in Two and Three
Dimensions 156
NATURA LISM AND IDEALISM
Nature and Aspiring
to Perfection 158
NATURA LISM AND DISTORTION
Exaggerated Shapes 160
Abstraction
Essential Shapes 162
Nonobjective Shapes
Pure Forms 164
Curvilinear Shapes 166
Rectilinear Shapes And
Combinations 168
Positive/Negative Shapes
Introduction 170
Isolation or Integration 172
Emphasis on Integration 174
Ambiguity 176
Chapter 9 Pattern And Texture 178
Pattern
Creating Visual Interest 180
Tessellation and Geometric Patterns 182
Texture And Pattern
Similarities and Differences 184
Texture
Creating Visual Interest 186
Tactile Texture
Actual and Implied 188
Collage 190
Visual Texture
Verisimilitude and Trompe L’oeil 192
Chapter 10 Illusion Of Space 194
Introduction
Translating Space
to Two Dimensions 196
Devices To Show DepthSize 198
Overlapping 200
Vertical Location 202
Aerial Perspective 204
Plan, Elevation, Perspective 206
Linear Perspective 208
One-Point Perspective 210
Two-Point Perspective 212
Multipoint Perspective 214
Amplified Perspective
A Different Point of View 216
Multiple Perspective
A Pictorial Device 218
AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION
Casting Lines on an Angle 220
Open Form/Closed Form
The Concept of Enclosure 222
Transparency
Equivocal Space 224
Conclusion
Complexity and Subtlety 226
Chapter 1 1 Illusion Of Motion 228
Introduction
Stillness and Arrested Action 230
Anticipated Motion
Seeing and Feeling
Impending Action 232
Ways To Suggest Motion
Figure Repeated, Figure Cropped 234
Blurred Outlines and Fast Shapes 236
Multiple Image 238
Optical Movement
Afterimage and Eye Movement 240
Chapter 12 Value 242
Introduction
Light and Dark 244
Value Pattern
Variations in Light and Dark 246
Value As Emphasis
Creating a Focal Point 248
Value And Space
Using Value to Suggest Space 250
Techniques
An Overview 252
Chapter 13 Color 254
Introduction
Color Theory 256
Color Characteristics
Color Perception 258
Properties Of Color
Hue and the Three Dimensions
of Color Perception 260
Value 262
Intensity/Complementary Colors 264
Palettes
Mixing Light and Mixing Pigments 266
Visual Color Mixing
Techniques that Suggest Light 268
Cool/Warm Colors
Identifying Color
with the Senses 270
Color As Emphasis
Color Dominance 272
Color And Balance
Achieving Balance within
Asymmetrical Composition 274
Color And Space
Color’s Spatial Properties 276
Color Schemes
Monochromatic/Analogous 278
Triadic/Complementary 280
Color Discord And
Vibrating Colors
Unexpected Combinations 282
Color Uses
Local, Optical, Arbitrary 284
Emotional Color
Color Evokes a Response 286
Conceptual Qualities of Color 288
Glossary 290
Bibliography 294
Photographic Sources 296
Index 298