Environmental Change & Challenge: A Canadian Perspective, Fifth Edition
By Philip Dearden and Bruce Mitchell
Contents:
Preface xv
Features xvii
Acknowledgements xx
About the Authors xxi
PART A Introduction 1
CHAPTER ONE
Environment, Resources, and Society 3
Introduction: Change and Challenge 3
Defining Environment and Resources 5
Three Waves Regarding Approaches to Environmental Management 5
Alternative Approaches to Understanding Complex Natural and Socio-economic Systems 6
Science-Based Management of Resources and
Environment 7
War on Science? 8
The Northern Gateway Proposal 9
Wicked Problems 12
Sustainable Development and Resilience 12
The Global Picture 13
Domestic Guest Statement: Some Reflections on Social-Ecological Resilience 14
Ryan Plummer (Brock) International Guest Statement: Urban Development Challenges and Human Living Conditions
in Cities in Developing Countries 22
Peter Adeniyi (Lagos) Jurisdictional Arrangements for Environmental Management in Canada 28
Measuring Progress 29
Implications 34
Summary 37
KeyTerms 38
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 38
Related Websites 39
Further Readings 39
PART B The Ecosphere 40
CHAPTER TWO
Energy Flows and Ecosystems 45
Introduction 45
Energy 46
Energy Flows in Ecological Systems 49
International Guest statement: Apex Predators and Tiger
Conservation tn Thailand 58
Anak Pattanavibool (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Ecosystem Structure 61
Abiotic Components 62
Domestic Guest Statement: Landscape Ecology 69
Chris Malcolm (Brandon)
Biodiversity 70
Implications 78
Summary 79
Key Terms BO
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking BO
Related Websites Bl
Further Readings Bl
CHAPTER THREE
Ecosystems Are Dynamic 82
Introduction 82
Ecological Succession 83
Domestic Guest Statement: How Will Forests Respond to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide? 87
Ze’ev Gedalof (Guelph) and Aaron Berg (Guelph) Changing Ecosystems 91
Population Growth 98
International Guest Statement: The Roles of Elephants and Logging in Tropical Rain Forest Dynamics 101
Aerin Jacob (Victoria) Evolution. Speciation, and Extinction 102
Implications 109
Summary 110
Key Terms 111
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 112
Related Websites 112
Further Readings 112
CHAPTER FOUR
Ecosystems and Matter Cycling 113
Introduction 113
Matter 114
Biogeochemical Cycles 114
International Guest Statement: Action-Oriented Research on Community Recycling in Sao Paulo, Brazil 115
Jutta Gutberlet (Victoria) The Hydrological Cycle 128
Domestic Guest Statement: Feedbacks between the Carbon Cycle and Climate 129
Kirsten Zickfeld (Simon Fraser) Biogeochemical Cycles and Human Activity 134
Implications 149
Summary 149
Key Terms 150
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 151
Related Websites 151
Further Readings 151
PART C Planning and Management: Perspectives, Process, and Methods 152
CHAPTER FIVE
Planning and Management Perspectives 156
Introduction 156
Planning and Management Components 157
Domestic Guest Statement: Planning Challenges Related to Flood Management in Canada 158
Dan Shrubsole (Western)
International Guest Statement: Downloading Responsibilities for Environmental Protection in China – Good or Not? 160
Taiyang Zhong (Nanjing, China)
Implications 168
Summary 169
Key Terms 170
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 170
Related Websites 171
Further Readings 171
Planning and Management: Processes and Methods 172
Introduction 172
Collaboration and Coordination 173
Stakeholders and Participatory Approaches 173
Domestic Guest Statement: How Collaboration Can Support
Protected Area Planning 174
Joslyn Spurgeon (Ontario)
Communication 177
Adaptive Management 178
Impact and Risk Assessment 180
International Guest Statement: Mainstreaming Sustainable Development
Principles into Development Planning and Policy-Making: The Challenges
of Strategic Environmental Assessment in Indonesia 182
Bakti Setiawan (Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)
Dispute Resolution 186
Regional and Land-Use Planning 192
Implementation Barriers 192
Implications 193
Summary 194
Key Terms 195
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 195
Related Websites 196
Further Readings 196
PART D Resource and Environmental Management in Canada 198
CHAPTER SEVEN
Climate Change 201
Introduction 201
Nature of Climate Change 202
Scientific Evidence Related to Climate Change 204
Modelling Climate Change 207
Scientific Explanations 209
Implications of Climate Change 210
Communicating Global Change 217
International Guest Statement: Responding to Climate Change:
Perspectives from China 219
Yong Geng (Shanghai Jiaotong, China)
Kyoto Protocol 221
Policy and Action Options 231
Domestic Guest Statement: Global Policy Challenges 233
Barry Smit (University of Guelph)
Summary 236
Key Terms 237
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 237
Related Websites 238
Further Readings 239
CHAPTER EIGHT
Oceans and Fisheries 240
Introduction 240
Oceanic Ecosystems 241
Ocean Management Challenges 246
International Guest Statement: The Rise and Fall of Industrial
Fisheries 248
Daniel Pauly (UBC)
Global Responses 260
Canada’s Oceans and Fisheries 261
Aboriginal Use of Marine Resources 270
Pollution 273
Some Canadian Responses 275
Domestic Guest Statement: Public and Political Will Needed to
Protect Our Oceans 277
Sabine Jessen (Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society)
Aquaculture 277
Implications 280
Summary 281
Key Terms 282
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 282
Related Websites 282
Further Readings 283
CHAPTER NINE
Forests 284
Canada’s Boreal Forest 284
An Overview of Canada’s Forests 286
Forest Management Practices 292
Domestic Guest Statement: Forest Ownership, Forest Stewardship,
Community Sustainability 293
Kevin Hanna (UBC)
Environmental and Social Impacts of Forest Management
Practices 301
New Forestry 312
Canada’s National Forest Strategies 314
Global Forest Strategies 315
International Guest Statement: The Amazon Rain Forest 318
Oliver Coomes (McGill)
Implications 317
Summary 322
Key Terms 324
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 324
Related Websites 324
Further Readings 325
CHAPTER TEN
Agriculture 326
Introduction 326
International Guest Statement: Life at the Crossroads for African
Pastoralists: How Climate Change Threatens the Existence of
the Maasai 331
Philip Osano (Stockholm Environment Institute)
Agriculture as an Ecological Process 332
Modern Farming Systems in the Industrialized World 334
Trends in Canadian Agriculture 341
Environmental Challenges for Canadian Agriculture 343
Sustainable Food Production Systems 356
Organic Farming 358
Local Agriculture 359
Implications 360
Domestic Guest Statement: Perspectives on Food Security 361
Ashley Mcinnes (Guelph) and Evan D.G. Fraser (Guelph)
Summary 363
Key Terms 364
C Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 364
Related Websites 365
Further Readings 365
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Water 366
Introduction 367
Human Interventions in the Hydrological Cycle: Water
Diversions 368
Domestic Guest Statement: Thinking Like a Watershed:
Fresh Ideas, Laws, and Institutions in a Changing
Water World 369
Oliver M. Brandes (Victoria)
Water Quality 377
Sydney Tar Ponds, Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia 378
Water Security: Protecting Quantity and Quality 384
Water as Hazard 393
International Guest Statement: A Land of Flood and Drought 397
Katheryn Bellette (South Australian Government)
Heritage Rivers 399
Hydrosolidarity 400
Water Ethics 402
Implications 403
Summary 405
Key Terms 406
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 407
Related Websites 407
Further Readings 408 c
CHAPTER TWELVE
Minerals and Energy 409
Introduction 409
Framing Issues and Questions 410
Non-Renewable Resources in Canada:
Basic Information 411
Potash in Saskatchewan 412
Developing a Diamond Mine: Ekati, NWT 412
Energy Resources 420
International Guest Statement: Energy Transition and Social
Power 421
Gavin Bridge (Durham, UK)
Domestic Guest Statement: Capturing Carbon for Enhanced
Oil Recovery: A Climate Change Strategy? 438
Emily Eaton (Regina)
Implications 441
Summary 442
Key Terms 444
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 444
Related Websites 445
Further Readings 445
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Urban Environmental Management 446
Introduction 446
Sustainable Urban Development 447
Environmental Issues in Cities 450
International Guest Statement: Revitalizing Urban
Streams 454
Mee Kam Ng (Chinese University of Hong Kong)
Vulnerability of Urban Areas to Natural and Human-Induced
Hazards 456
Domestic Guest Statement: Managing for Urban
Resilience-Recovery, Resistance and “Bouncing Forward” 457
Meg Holden (Simon Fraser)
Urban Sustainability 462
Best Practice for Urban Environmental Management 466
Implications 474
Summary 474
Key Terms 475
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 475
Related Websites 475
Further Readings 476
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Endangered Species and Protected Areas 477
Introduction 477
Valuing Biodiversity 479
Main Pressures Causing Extinction 482
Vulnerability to Extinction 494
Responses to the Loss of Biodiversity 496
Protected Areas 501
International Guest Statement: Protected Areas and the
International Agenda 502
Stephen Woodley (International Union for the Conservation
of Nature)
Implications 518
Domestic Guest Statement: Tribal Parks in Clayoquot and Beyond:
Forwarding Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas in a
Canadian Context 519
Eli Enns (ICCA Consortium)
Summary 521
Key Terms 522
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 522
Related Websites 523
Further Readings 523
part E Environmental Change and Challenge in Canada 524
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Mal ing It Happen 526
Introduction 526
Global Perspectives 527
National Perspectives 535
Personal Perspectives 538
Domestic Guest Statement: A Generation of Possibility 539
Skye Augustine (Salish Sea Research Center, Northwest
Indian College)
Domestic Guest Statement: The Power of Fossil Fuel
Divestment 540
James Rowe (Victoria), Jessica Dempsey (Victoria), Peter Gibbs
(Organize BC), and Kelsey Mech (Canadian Youth Climate Coalition)
The Law of Everybody 545
Implications 549
Summary 550
Key Terms 551
Questions for Review and Critical Thinking 551
Related Websites 551
Further Readings 552
Glossary 553
References 565
Index 587