Intercultural Communication in Contexts, Eighth Edition
By Judith N. Martin and Thomas K. Nakayama
Contents:
Preface xix
To the Student xxxi
PART I FOUNDATIONS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 1
Chapter 1 Why Study Intercultural Communication? 2
The Self-Awareness Imperative 3
The Demographic Imperative 5
Changing U.S. Demographics 5
Changing Immigration Patterns 6
The Economic Imperative 14
The Environmental Imperative 18
Floods and Droughts Lead to Migration 18
Wildfires 19
Water Rights 19
The Technological Imperative 20
Technology and Human Communication 20
Access to Communication Technology 24
The Peace Imperative 25
The Ethical Imperative 28
Relativity Versus Universality 28
Being Ethical Students of Culture 31
Internet Resources 34
Summary 35
Discussion Questions 35
Activities 35
Key Words 36
References 36
Credits 40
Chapter 2 The Study of Intercultural Communication 41
The Early Development of the Discipline 42
Interdisciplinary Contributions 43
Perception and Worldview of the Researcher 44
Three Approaches to Studying Intercultural Communication 46
The Social Science Approach 48
The Interpretive Approach 54
The Critical Approach 60
A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Culture and Communication 66
Combining the Three Traditional Paradigms: The Dialectical Approach 66
Six Dialectics of Intercultural Communication 68
Keeping a Dialectical Perspective 71
Internet Resources 71
Summary 72
Discussion Questions 72
Activities 73
Key Words 73
References 74
Credits 77
Chapter 3 Culture, Communication, Context, and Power 78
What is Culture? 79
Social Science Definitions: Culture as Learned, Group-Related Perceptions 82
Interpretive Definitions: Culture as Contextual Symbolic Patterns of Meaning, Involving Emotions 83
Critical Definitions: Culture as Heterogeneous, Dynamic, and a Contested Zone 85
What is Communication? 87
The Relationship Between Culture and Communication 88
How Culture Influences Communication 88
How Communication Reinforces Culture 101
Communication as Resistance to the Dominant Cultural System 104
The Relationship Between Communication and Context 105
The Relationship Between Communication and Power 106
Internet Resources 111
Summary 111
Discussion Questions 112
Activities 112
Key Words 113
References 113
Credits 115
Chapter 4 History and Intercultural Communication 116
From History to Histories 118
Political, Intellectual, and Social Histories 119
Family Histories 120
National Histories 121
Cultural-Group Histories 123
History, Power, and Intercultural Communication 125
The Power of Texts 126
The Power of Other Histories 128
Power in Intercultural Interactions 130
History and Identity 130
Histories as Stories 131
Nonmainstream Histories 132
Intercultural Communication and History 143
Antecedents of Contact 143
The Contact Hypothesis 144
Negotiating Histories Dialectically in Interaction 149
Internet Resources 150
Summary 151
Discussion Questions 152
Activities 152
Key Words 153
References 153
Credits 156
PART II INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROCESSES 157
Chapter 5 Identity and Intercultural
Communication 158
Thinking Dialectically About Identity 159
The Social Science Perspective 161
The Interpretive Perspective 164
The Critical Perspective 165
Identity Development Issues 168
Minority Identity Development 169
Majority Identity Development 172
Social and Cultural Identities 175
Gender Identity 175
Sexual Identity 178
Age Identity 178
Racial and Ethnic Identities 180
Characteristics of Whiteness 183
Religious Identity 187
Class Identity 188
National Identity 191
Regional Identity 193
Personal Identity 194
Multicultural People 194
Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice 200
Identity and Communication 204
Internet Resources 206
Summary 207
Discussion Questions 207
Activities 207
Key Words 208
References 208
Credits 213
Chapter 6 Language and Intercultural Communication 215
Social Science Perspective on Language 217
Language and Perception 218
Language and Thought: Metaphor 220
Cultural Variations in Communication Style 221
Influence of Interactive Media Use on Language and Communication Style 225
Slang and Humor in Language Use 225
Interpretive Perspective on Language 228
Variations in Contextual Rules 228
Critical Perspective on Language 229
Co-Cultural Communication 229
Discourse and Social Structure 233
The “Power” Effects of Labels 233
Moving Between Languages 235
Multilingualism 235
Translation and Interpretation 240
Language and Identity 243
Language and Cultural Group Identity 243
Code Switching 245
Language Politics and Policies 247
Language and Globalization 250
Internet Resources 254
Summary 254
Discussion Questions 255
Activities 255
Key Words 256
References 256
Credits 258
Chapter 7 Nonverbal Codes and Cultural Space 260
Thinking Dialectically About Nonverbal Communication: Defining Nonverbal Communication 262
Comparing Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 263
What Nonverbal Behavior Communicates 264
The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior 266
Recent Research Findings 266
Nonverbal Codes 267
Stereotype, Prejudice, and Discrimination 278
Semiotics and Nonverbal Communication 280
Defining Cultural Space 283
Cultural Identity and Cultural Space 283
Changing Cultural Space 288
Postmodern Cultural Spaces 290
Internet Resources 293
Summary 293
Discussion Questions 294
Activities 294
Key Words 295
References 295
Credits 298
PART III INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS 301
Chapter 8 Understanding Intercultural Transitions 302
Thinking Dialectically About Intercultural Transitions 304
Types of Migrant Groups 306
Voluntary Migrants 307
Involuntary Migrants 308
Migrant–Host Relationships 310
Assimilation 312
Separation 313
Integration 314
Cultural Hybridity 316
Cultural Adaptation 317
Social Science Approach 318
Interpretive Approach 323
Critical Approach: Contextual Influences 332
Internet Resources 338
Summary 338
Discussion Questions 339
Activities 339
Key Words 339
References 340
Credits 343
Chapter 9 Popular Culture and Intercultural Communication 344
Learning About Cultures Without Personal Experience 346
The Power of Popular Culture 346
What is Popular Culture? 347
Consuming and Resisting Popular Culture 351
Consuming Popular Culture 351
Resisting Popular Culture 354
Representing Cultural Groups 356
Migrants’ Perceptions of Mainstream Culture 358
Popular Culture and Stereotyping 359
U.S. Popular Culture and Power 362
Global Circulation of Images and Commodities 362
Cultural Imperialism 365
Internet Resources 369
Summary 369
Discussion Questions 370
Activities 370
Key Words 371
References 371
Credits 373
Chapter 10 Culture, Communication, and Intercultural Relationships 375
Benefits and Challenges of Intercultural Relationships 377
Benefits 377
Challenges 379
Thinking Dialectically About Intercultural Relationships 382
Personal–Contextual Dialectic 383
Differences–Similarities Dialectic 384
Cultural–Individual Dialectic 384
Privilege–Disadvantage Dialectic 385
Static–Dynamic Dialectic 385
History/Past–Present/Future Dialectic 385
Intercultural Relationships 386
Social Science Approach: Cross-Cultural Differences 386
Interpretive Approach: Communicating in Intercultural Relationships 392
Critical Approach: Contextual Influences 403
Internet Resources 408
Summary 408
Discussion Questions 409
Activities 410
Key Words 410
References 410
Credits 413
Chapter 11 Culture, Communication, and Conflict 415
Characteristics of Intercultural Conflict 418
Ambiguity 418
Language 420
Contradictory Conflict Styles 421
The Social Science Approach to Conflict 421
Cultural Values and Conflict 422
Religion and Conflict 422
Family Influences 423
Intercultural Conflict Styles 425
Gender, Ethnicity, and Conflict Styles 429
Interpretive and Critical Approaches to Social Conflict 430
Social Movements 432
Historical and Political Contexts 434
Managing Intercultural Conflict 436
Dealing with Interpersonal Conflict 437
Mediation 441
Peacebuilding 443
Internet Resources 444
Summary 445
Discussion Questions 446
Activities 446
Key Words 446
References 446
Credits 449
Chapter 12 Striving for Engaged and Effective
Intercultural Communication 450
The Components of Competence 451
Social Science Perspective: Individual Components 452
Interpretive Perspective: Competence in Contexts 459
Critical Perspective: Competence for Whom? 461
Applying Knowledge About Intercultural
Communication 463
Entering into Dialogue 463
Becoming Interpersonal Allies 465
Building Coalitions 466
Social Justice and Transformation 467
Forgiveness 471
What The Future Holds 473
Internet Resources 476
Summary 477
Discussion Questions 478
Activities 478
Key Words 478
References 479
Credits 481
Name Index I-1
Subject Index I-9