Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Thirteenth Edition
By John R. Weeks
Detailed Table of Contents:
Preface xix
Part One
A Demographic Perspective
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Demography 3
What Is Demography? 5
How Does Demography Connect the Dots ? 5
The Relationship of Population to Resources 7
The Relationship of Population to Social and Political Dynamics 8
The Relationship of Population to the Rights of Women 10
World Population Growth 11
A Brief History 11
How Fast Is the World’s Population Growing Now? 14
The Power of Doubling—How Fast Can Populations Grow? 16
Why Was Early Growth So Slow? 17
Why Are More Recent Increases So Rapid? 18
How Many People Have Ever Lived? 18
Redistribution of the World’s Population Through Migration 19
Geographic Distribution of the World’s Population 21
Global Variation in Population Size and Growth 23
North America 24
Mexico and Central America 27
South America 28
Europe 29
North Africa and Western Asia 30
Sub-Saharan Africa 31
ESSAY: Connecting the Demographic Dots in the Middle East 32
South and Southeast Asia 35
East Asia 37
Oceania 39
Summary and Conclusion 40
Main Points 41
Questions for Review 42
CHAPTER 2
Demographic Data and Applied Demography 43
Population Censuses 44
The Census of the United States 48
ESSAY: Demographics of Politics: Why the Census Matters 52
The Census of Canada 63
The Census of Mexico 64
IPUMS—Warehouse of Global Census Data 66
Registration of Vital Events 66
Combining the Census and Vital Statistics 71
Administrative Data 71
Sample Surveys 72
Demographic Surveys in the United States 72
Canadian Surveys 73
Mexican Surveys 73
European Surveys 74
Demographic and Health Surveys 74
Demographic Surveillance Systems 75
Historical Sources 75
Spatial Demography 76
Mapping Demographic Data 78
GIS and the Census 80
Applied Demography 81
Political Planning 81
Social Planning 82
Business Planning/Marketing 83
Should You Pursue a Career in Demographics? 87
Summary and Conclusion 88
Main Points 89
Questions for Review 90
CHAPTER 3
Demographic Perspectives and Theories 91
Premodern Population Doctrines 95
The Prelude to Malthus 100
The Malthusian Perspective 101
Causes of Population Growth 102
Consequences of Population Growth 103
Avoiding the Consequences 104
Critique of Malthus 105
Neo-Malthusians 107
The Marxian Perspective 107
ESSAY: Who Are the Neo-Malthusians and Why Do We Care? 108
Causes of Population Growth 110
Consequences of Population Growth 110
Critique of Marx 111
The Prelude to the Demographic Transition Theory 112
Mill 113
Dumont 114
Durkheim 115
The Theory of the Demographic Transition 115
Critique of the Demographic Transition Theory 119
Reformulation of the Demographic Transition Theory 119
The Theory of Demographic Change and Response 122
Cohort Size Effects 124
The Theory of the Second Demographic Transition 125
The Demographic Transition Is Really a Set of Transitions 126
The Health and Mortality Transition 126
The Fertility Transition 127
The Age Transition 129
The Migration Transition 130
The Urban Transition 130
The Family and Household Transition 131
Impact on Local and Global Society 132
Summary and Conclusion 133
Main Points 134
Questions for Review 135
Part TWO
Population Processes
CHAPTER 4
The Healt h and Mortality Transition 139
Defining the Health and Mortality Transition 140
Health and Mortality Changes Over Time 141
The Roman Empire to the Industrial Revolution 142
Industrial Revolution to the Twentieth Century 143
World War II as a Modern Turning Point 146
Postponing Death by Preventing and Curing Disease 147
The Nutrition Transition 149
Life Span and Longevity 150
Life Span 150
Longevity 151
Disease and Death Over the Life Cycle 152
Age Differentials in Mortality 152
Infant Mortality 153
Mortality at Older Ages 155
Sex and Gender Differentials in Mortality 157
Causes of Poor Health and Death 159
Communicable Diseases 159
Emerging Infectious Diseases 161
Maternal Mortality 162
Noncommunicable Diseases 163
ESSAY: Mortality Control and the Environment 164
Injuries 166
The “Real” Causes of Death 167
Measuring Mortality 169
Crude Death Rate 169
Age/Sex-Specific Death Rates 170
Age-Adjusted Death Rates 170
Life Tables 171
Life Table Calculations 176
Disability-Adjusted Life Years 178
Health and Mortality Inequalities 179
Educational and Socioeconomic Differentials in Mortality 179
Inequalities by Race and Ethnicity 180
Marital Status and Mortality 182
Urban and Rural Differentials 182
Neighborhood Differences in Mortality 183
Summary and Conclusion 184
Main Points 185
Questions for Review 186
CHAPTER 5
The Fertility Transition 187
What Is the Fertility Transition? 188
How High Could Fertility Levels Be? 189
The Biological Component 189
The Social Component 191
Why Was Fertility High for Most of Human History? 193
Need to Replenish Society 194
Children as Security and Labor 195
The Preconditions for a Decline in Fertility 196
Ideational Changes That Must Take Place 197
Motivations for Lower Fertility Levels 198
The Supply-Demand Framework 198
ESSAY: Reproductive Rights, Reproductive Health, and the
Fertility Transition 200
The Innovation-Diffusion and “Cultural” Perspective 205
How Can Fertility Be Controlled ? 207
Proximate Determinants of Fertility 207
Proportion Married—Limiting Exposure to Intercourse 209
Use of Contraceptives 209
Induced Abortion 213
Involuntary Infecundity from Breastfeeding 213
The Relative Importance of the Proximate Determinants 214
How Do We Measure Changes in Fertility ? 215
Period Measures of Fertility 216
Cohort Measures of Fertility 221
Fertility Intentions 222
How Is The Fertility Transition Accomplished? 223
Geographic Variability in the Fertility Transition 224
Case Studies in the Fertility Transition 225
United Kingdom and Other European Nations 226
China 229
The United States 232
Summary and Conclusion 238
Main Points 239
Questions for Review 240
CHAPTER 6
The Migration Transition 241
What Is the Migration Transition? 242
Defining Migration 243
Internal Migrants 245
International Migrants 245
Stocks Versus Flows 246
Measuring Migration 250
Why Do People Migrate ? 253
Migration Selectivity 253
The Push-Pull Theory 255
A Conceptual Model of Migration Decision Making 255
Explaining International Migration 258
Migration Within the United States 262
Global Patterns of Migration 265
The Current Situation 265
How Did We Get to This Point? 268
America ’s Immigration Trends 295
Historical Background of Migration and Immigration Laws 270
ESSAY: Is Migration a Crime? Illegal Immigration in Global Context 274
Current Immigration Trends 278
Canada ’s Immigration Trends 279
Forced Migration 279
Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 279
Slavery 280
Impact of Migration on Society 281
Summary and Conclusion 284
Main Points 285
Questions for Review 286
CHAPTER 7
The Urban Transition 287
What Is the Urban Transition? 288
Defining Urban Places 289
The Historical Pattern of the Urban Transition 291
The Proximate Determinants of the Urban Transition 296
Internal Rural-to-Urban Migration 296
Natural Increase 297
Mortality 297
Fertility 299
International Urbanward Migration 301
Reclassification 301
An Illustration from Mexico 302
An Illustration from China 303
The Urban Hierarchy 304
Defining the Metropolis 304
City Systems 308
ESSAY: Cities as Sustainable Environments 310
The Urban Evolution That Accompanies the
Urban Transition 312
Urban Crowding 313
Slums 316
Suburbanization 318
Residential Segregation 320
Urban Sprawl 322
Gentrification 324
Summary and Conclusion 324
Main Points 325
Questions for Review 326
PART THREE
USING THE DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE
CHAPTER 8
The Age Transition and the Life Course 329
What Is the Age Transition? 330
The Concepts of Age and Sex 330
Age Stratification 331
Age Cohorts and Cohort Flow 333
Gender and Sex Ratios 335
The Feminization of Old Age 336
Demographic Drivers of the Age Transition 338
The Impact of Declining Mortality 340
The Impact of Declining Fertility 342
Where Does Migration Fit In? 344
Demographic Dividends—Age Transitions at Work 345
Measuring the Age Structure 345
The Progression from a Young to an Old Age Structure 346
Youth Bulge—Dead End or Dividend? 346
China’s Demographic Dividend 347
What Happened to India’s Demographic Dividend? 349
Demographic Dividends in the United States and Mexico 350
The Life Course and Population Aging 351
What Is Old? 352
The Third Age (Young-Old) and Fourth Age (Old-Old) 353
ESSAY: The Age Transition Force Is with Us 354
Centenarians—The Oldest of the Old-Old 358
Reading the Future from the Age Structure 358
Population Projections 358
Backward or Inverse Projection 363
Population Momentum 363
Summary and Conclusion 364
Main Points 365
Questions for Review 366
CHAPTER 9
Family Demography and Life Chances 367
Defining Family Demography and Life Chances 368
The Growing Diversity in Family Structure and Household Composition 371
Gender Equity and the Empowerment of Women 374
Proximate Determinants of Family and Household
Changes 375
Delayed Marriage Accompanied by Leaving the Parental Nest 376
Cohabitation 379
Nonmarital Childbearing 379
Childlessness 381
Divorce 382
Widowhood 383
The Combination of These Determinants 383
Changing Life Chances 383
Education 384
Labor Force Participation 388
Occupation 390
Income 392
Poverty 396
Wealth 398
Race and Ethnicity 401
ESSAY: Show Me the Money! 402
Religion 408
Summary and Conclusion 410
Main Points 412
Questions for Review 413
CHAPTER 10
Population, the Environment, and Global Sustainability 414
The Use and Abuse of the Earth ’s Resources 416
Economic Growth and Development 417
Measuring GNI and Purchasing Power Parity 417
How Is Population Related to Economic Development? 419
Is Population Growth a Stimulus to Economic Development? 420
Does Demographic Overhead Explain the Relationship? 422
Are Demographic Dividends the Key to Economic Development? 423
Can Billions More Be Fed, Given Our Environmental
Issues? 424
The History of Economic Development and Food 425
We Are at the Limit of Land to Be Used for Growing Food 427
Moving to a More Plant-Based Diet 428
Our History of Getting More Food from the Land 429
The Demand for Food Is Growing Faster Than the
Population 431
The Environmental Constraints to Growing More Food 433
Water Supply Issues 433
Polluting the Ground 435
ESSAY: How Big Is Your Ecological Footprint? 436
Air Pollution and Climate Change 440
Human Dimensions of Environmental Change 443
Assessing the Damage Attributable to Population Growth 443
Environmental Disasters Lead to Death and Dispersion 444
Sustainable Development—Possibility or Oxymoron ? 447
Policies Aimed at Slowing Population Growth 451
Summary and Conclusion 453
Main Points 454
Questions for Review 455
Glossary 456
Bibliography 467
Geographic Index 496
Subject Index 505