World History, Ninth Edition
By William J. Duiker and Jackson J. Spielvogel
Contents:
Maps xvii
Chronologies xix
Features xx
Documents xxii
Preface xxiv
Acknowledgments xxix
A Note to Students About Language and the Dating of Time xxxii
Theme for Understanding World History xxxiii
Part I
The First Civilizations and the Rise of
Empires (Prehistory to 500 CE) 2
1 Early Humans and the First
Civilizations 4
1–1 The First Humans 5
1–1a The Emergence of Homo sapiens 5
1–1b The Hunter-Gatherers of the Paleolithic Age 6
1–1c The Neolithic Revolution, c. 10,000–4000 BCE 7
Compa rative Essay
From Hunter-Gatherers and Herders to Farmers 9
1–2 The Emergence of Civilization 10
1–2a Early Civilizations Around the World 10
1–2b Why Did Early Civilizations Develop? 11
1–3 Civilization in Mesopotamia 11
1–3a The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia 11
1–3b Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 13
1–3c The Culture of Mesopotamia 15
1–4 Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile” 17
1–4a The Impact of Geography 17
Opposing Viewpoints
The Great Flood: Two Versions 18
1–4b The Old and Middle Kingdoms 19
1–4c Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt 21
1–4d The Culture of Egypt 21
1–4e Disorder and a New Order: The New Kingdom 23
1–4f Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and Marriage 24
1–4g The Spread of Egyptian Influence: Nubia 24
1–5 New Centers of Civilization 25
1–5a Nomadic Peoples: Impact of the Indo-Europeans 26
1–5b Territorial States in Western Asia: The Phoenicians 27
1–5c The Hebrews: The “Children of Israel” 27
1–6 The Rise of New Empires 30
1–6a The Assyrian Empire 30
Opposing Viewpoints
The Governing of Empires: Two Approaches 32
1–6b The Persian Empire 34
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 36
2 Ancient India 39
2–1 The Emergence of Civilization in India: The Indus
Valley Society 40
2–1a A Land of Diversity 40
2–1b The Indus Valley Civilization: A Fascinating Enigma 40
Compa rative Essay
Writing and Civilization 43
2–2 The Aryans in India 44
2–2a From Chieftains to Kings 44
2–2b The Mauryan Empire 45
2–2c Caste and Class: Social Structures in Ancient India 46
2–2d Daily Life in Ancient India 48
2–2e The Economy 49
2–3 Escaping the Wheel of Life: The Religious World
of Ancient India 51
2–3a Brahmanism 51
2–3b Buddhism: The Middle Path 53
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
The Search for Truth 54
2–4 The Exuberant World of Indian Culture 59
2–4a Literature 59
2–4b Architecture and Sculpture 59
2–4c Science 62
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 63
3 China in Antiquity 65
3–1 The Dawn of Chinese Civilization 66
3–1a The Land and People of China 66
3–1b The Shang Dynasty 67
Compa rative Essay
The Use of Metals 70
3–2 The Zhou Dynasty 71
3–2a Political Structures 71
3–2b Economy and Society 71
3–2c The Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy 74
Opposing Viewpoints
A Debate over Good and Evil 77
3–3 The First Chinese Empire: The Qin Dynasty 79
3–3a The Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE) 80
3–4 The Glorious Han Dynasty (202 BCE–221 CE) 83
3–4a Confucianism and the State 83
3–4b The Economy 84
3–4c Imperial Expansion and the Origins of the Silk Road 84
3–4d The Decline and Fall of the Han 86
3–5 Daily Life in Ancient China 87
3–5a The Role of the Family 87
3–5b Lifestyles 88
3–5c Cities 88
3–5d The Humble Estate: Women in Ancient China 89
3–6 Chinese Culture 89
3–6a Metalwork and Sculpture 90
3–6b Language and Literature 91
3–6c Music 92
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 94
4 T he Civilization of the Greeks 96
4–1 Early Greece 97
4–1a Minoan Crete 97
4–1b The First Greek State: Mycenae 99
4–1c The Greeks in a “Dark Age” (c. 1100–c. 750 BCE) 99
4–2 The World of the Greek City-States
(c. 750–c. 500 BCE) 101
4–2a The Polis 101
4–2b Greek Expansion and the Growth of Trade 102
4–2c Tyranny in the Greek Polis 103
4–2d Sparta 104
4–2e Athens 105
4–2f Foreign Influence on Early Greek Culture 106
4–3 The High Point of Greek Civilization:
Classical Greece 106
4–3a The Challenge of Persia 106
4–3b The Growth of an Athenian Empire
in the Age of Pericles 108
4–3c The Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline
of the Greek States 108
4–3d The Culture of Classical Greece 109
Comparative Essay
The Axial Age 114
4–3e Greek Religion 115
Opposing Viewpoints
Women in Athens and Sparta 116
4–3f Life in Classical Athens 116
4–4 The Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests
of Alexander 118
4–4a Alexander the Great 118
Film & HIstory 120
4–5 The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 121
4–5a Hellenistic Monarchies 121
4–5b Political Institutions 122
4–5c Hellenistic Cities 122
4–5d The Importance of Trade 123
4–5e Social Life: New Opportunities for Women 124
4–5f Culture in the Hellenistic World 124
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 127
5 T he Roman World Empire 130
5–1 Early Rome and the Republic 131
5–1a Early Rome 132
5–1b The Roman Republic 132
5–1c The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean
(264–133 bce) 135
5–1d The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic
(133–31 bce) 137
5–2 The Roman Empire at Its Height 139
5–2a The Age of Augustus (31 bce–14 ce) 139
5–2b The Early Empire (14–180) 141
5–2c Culture and Society in the Roman World 145
Film & HIstory 150
5–3 Crisis and the Late Empire 150
5–3a Crises in the Third Century 150
5–3b The Late Roman Empire 151
5–4 Transformation of the Roman World: The Development
of Christianity 152
5–4a The Religious World of the Roman Empire 152
5–4b The Jewish Background 152
5–4c The Rise of Christianity 152
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Rulers and Gods 153
5–4d The Spread of Christianity 153
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Roman Authorities and a Christian on Christianity 155
5–5 A Comparison of the Roman and Han Empires 156
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 157
Part II
New Patterns of Civilization
(500–1500 CE) 160
6 T he Americas 162
6–1 The Peopling of the Americas 163
6–1a The First Americans 163
6–2 Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica 164
6–2a The Olmecs: In the Land of Rubber 164
6–2b The Zapotecs 164
6–2c Teotihuacán: America’s First Metropolis 164
6–2d The Olmecs: Mother Culture or First Among
Equals? 166
6–2e The Maya 166
6–2f The Aztecs 170
6–3 Peoples and Societies in Early North America 175
6–3a The Eastern Woodlands 176
6–3b Cahokia 176
6–3c The Ancient Pueblo Peoples 176
6–4 The First Civilizations in South America 177
6–4a Caral 177
6–4b Moche 178
Compa rative Essay
History and the Environment 179
6–4c The Inka 181
6–4d Stateless Societies in South America 183
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 184
7 Fe rment in the Middle East: The Rise
of Islam 187
7–1 The Rise of Islam 188
7–1a The Role of Muhammad 189
7–1b The Teachings of Muhammad 190
Film & HIstory 190
7–2 The Arab Empire and Its Successors 190
7–2a Creation of an Empire 191
7–2b The Rise of the Umayyads 193
7–2c The Abbasids 194
7–2d The Crusades 197
7–2e The Mongols 198
7–2f Andalusia: A Muslim Outpost
in Europe 198
7–3 Islamic Civilization 200
7–3a Political Structures 201
7–3b The Wealth of Araby: Trade and Cities
in the Middle East 201
Compa rative Essay
Trade and Civilization 203
7–3c Islamic Society 204
7–3d The Culture of Islam 204
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 212
8 Early Civilizations in Africa 215
8–1 The Emergence of Civilization 216
8–1a The Land 216
8–1b The First Farmers 217
8–1c Axum and Meroë 217
8–1d The Sahara and Its Environs 219
8–1e East Africa 220
Compa rative Essay
The Migration of Peoples 222
8–2 The Coming of Islam 223
8–2a African Religious Beliefs and the Advent
of Islam 223
8–2b The Arabs in North Africa 223
8–2c The Kingdom of Ethiopia: A Christian
Island in a Muslim Sea 224
8–2d East Africa: The Land of the Zanj 225
8–2e The States of West Africa 227
8–3 States and Noncentralized Societies in Central
and Southern Africa 231
8–3a The Congo River Valley 231
8–3b Zimbabwe 231
8–3c Southern Africa 231
8–3d Africa: A Continent Without History? 232
8–4 African Society 232
8–4a Urban Life 232
8–4b Village Life 232
8–4c The Role of Women 233
8–4d Slavery 233
8–5 African Culture 234
8–5a Painting and Sculpture 234
8–5b Music 235
8–5c Architecture 235
8–5d Literature 238
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 238
9 T he Expan sion of Civilization in South
and Southeast Asia 241
9–1 The Silk Road 242
9–2 India After the Mauryas 244
9–2a The Gupta Dynasty: A New Golden Age? 244
9–2b The Transformation of Buddhism 245
9–2c The Decline of Buddhism in India 246
9–2d When Did the Indians Become Hindus? 246
9–3 The Arrival of Islam 249
9–3a The Empire of Mahmud of Ghazni 249
9–3b The Delhi Sultanate 249
9–3c Tamerlane 251
9–4 Society and Culture 252
9–4a Religion 252
9–4b Economy and Daily Life 254
Compa rative Essay
Caste, Class, and Family 255
9–4c The Wonder of Indian Culture 256
9–5 The Golden Region: Early Southeast Asia 259
9–5a Paddy Fields and Spices: The States
of Southeast Asia 259
9–5b Daily Life 263
9–5c World of the Spirits: Religious Belief 263
9–5d Expansion into the Pacific 267
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 268
10 T he Flowering of Traditional China 270
10–1 China’s Golden Age: The Sui, the Tang, and
the Song 271
10–1a A Time of Troubles: China After the Han 271
10–1b The Sui Dynasty 271
10–1c The Tang Dynasty 272
10–1d The Song Dynasty 275
10–1e Political Structures: The Triumph
of Confucianism 276
Opposing Viewpoints
Confucianism and Its Enemies: An Ideological Dispute
in Medieval China 278
10–1f The Economy 279
Compa rative Essay
The Spread of Technology 280
10–2 Explosion in Central Asia: The Mongol Empire 282
10–2a Mongol Rule in China 285
Film & HIstory 285
10–2b The Mongols’ Place in History 286
10–3 The Ming Dynasty 286
10–3a The Voyages of Zheng He 287
10–4 In Search of the Way 289
10–4a The Rise and Decline of Buddhism and Daoism 289
10–4b Neo-Confucianism: The Investigation of Things 290
10–5 Changing Social Conditions in Traditional China 291
10–5a The Rise of the Gentry 291
10–5b Village and Family 292
10–5c The Role of Women 293
10–6 The Apogee of Chinese Culture 295
10–6a Literature 295
10–6b Art 297
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 298
11 T he East Asian Rimlands: Early Japan ,
Korea, and Vietnam 301
11–1 Japan: Land of the Rising Sun 302
11–1a A Gift from the Gods: Prehistoric Japan 303
11–1b The Rise of the Japanese State 303
11–1c Economic and Social Structures 307
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Feudal Orders Around the World 308
Film & HIstory 311
11–1d In Search of the Pure Land: Religion in Early Japan 311
11–1e Sources of Traditional Japanese Culture 313
11–1f Japan and the Chinese Model 315
11–2 Korea: Bridge to the East 316
11–2a The Three Kingdoms 317
11–2b The Rise of the Koryo Dynasty 317
11–2c Resisting the Mongols 318
11–3 Vietnam: The Smaller Dragon 319
11–3a The Rise of Great Viet 320
11–3b Society and Family Life 322
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 323
12 T he Making of Europe 325
12–1 The Emergence of Europe in the Early Middle Ages 326
12–1a The New Germanic Kingdoms 326
12–1b The Role of the Christian Church 327
12–1c Charlemagne and the Carolingians 329
12–1d The World of Lords and Vassals 331
12–2 Europe in the High Middle Ages 333
12–2a Land and People 333
12–2b The New World of Trade and Cities 335
Film & HIstory 336
Opposing Viewpoints
Two Views of Trade and Merchants 337
Compa rative Essay
Cities in the Medieval World 339
12–2c Evolution of the European Kingdoms 340
12–2d Christianity and Medieval Civilization 345
12–2e The Culture of the High Middle Ages 348
12–3 Medieval Europe and the World 351
12–3a The Early Crusades 352
12–3b The Later Crusades 353
12–3c What Were the Effects of the Crusades? 354
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 354
13 T he Byzantine Empire and Crisis
and Recovery in the West 357
13–1 From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire 358
13–1a The Reign of Justinian (527–565) 358
13–1b A New Kind of Empire 361
13–2 The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization (750–1025) 366
13–2a The Beginning of a Revival 366
13–2b The Macedonian Dynasty 366
13–2c Women in the Byzantine Empire 368
13–3 The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire
(1025–1453) 369
13–3a New Challenges and New Responses 369
13–3b Impact of the Crusades 370
13–3c The Ottoman Turks and the Fall of
Constantinople 371
13–3d Why Did the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine
Empire) Last a Thousand Years Longer Than the
Western Roman Empire? 373
13–4 The Crises of the Fourteenth Century in the West 373
13–4a The Black Death: From Asia to Europe 373
Compa rative Essay
The Role of Disease in History 374
Opposing Viewpoints
Causes of the Black Death: Contemporary Views 376
13–4b Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval 377
13–4c Political Instability 377
13–4d The Decline of the Church 378
13–5 Recovery: The Renaissance 379
13–5a The Intellectual Renaissance 379
13–5b The Artistic Renaissance 380
13–5c The State in the Renaissance 383
Opposing Viewpoints
The Renaissance Prince: The Views of Machiavelli
and Erasmus 385
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 386
Part III
The Emergence of New World Patterns
(1500–1800) 388
14 New Encounters: The Creation
of a World Market 390
14–1 An Age of Exploration and Expansion 391
14–1a Islam and the Spice Trade 391
14–1b The Spread of Islam in West Africa 392
14–1c A New Player: Europe 394
14–2 The Portuguese Maritime Empire 397
14–2a En Route to India 397
14–2b The Search for the Source of Spices 398
14–2c New Rivals Enter the Scene 398
14–3 The Conquest of the “New World” 400
14–3a The Voyages 400
14–3b The Conquests 401
14–3c Governing the Empires 403
Opposing Viewpoints
The March of Civilization 404
Film & HIstory 405
14–3d The Competition Intensifies 405
14–3e Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain? 405
14–4 Africa in Transition 406
14–4a The Portuguese in Africa 406
Comparative Essay
The Columbian Exchange 407
14–4b The Dutch in South Africa 408
14–4c The Slave Trade 408
14–4d Political and Social Structures in a Changing
Continent 413
14–5 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade 414
14–5a The Arrival of the West 414
14–5b State and Society in Precolonial Southeast Asia 415
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 417
15 Europe Transformed: Reform and State
Building 420
15–1 The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century 421
15–1a Background to the Reformation 421
15–1b Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany 423
Film & HIstory 425
15–1c The Spread of the Protestant Reformation 426
Opposing Viewpoints
A Reformation Debate: Conflict at Marburg 427
Compa rative Essay
Marriage in the Early Modern World 428
15–1d The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation 429
15–1e The Catholic Reformation 429
15–2 Europe in Crisis, 1560–1650 432
15–2a Politics and the Wars of Religion in the
Sixteenth Century 432
15–2b Economic and Social Crises 434
15–2c Seventeenth-Century Crises: Revolution and War 436
15–3 Response to Crisis: The Practice of Absolutism 438
15–3a France Under Louis XIV 439
15–3b Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe 441
15– 4 England and Limited Monarchy 442
15–4a Conflict Between King and Parliament 442
15–4b Civil War and Commonwealth 442
15–4c Restoration and a Glorious Revolution 442
15–5 The Flourishing of European Culture 443
15–5a Art: The Baroque 443
15–5b Art: Dutch Realism 445
15–5c A Golden Age of Literature in England 445
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 446
16 T he Muslim Empires 449
16–1 The Ottoman Empire 450
16–1a The Rise of the Ottoman Turks 450
16–1b Expansion of the Empire 451
Compa rative Essay
The Changing Face of War 452
16–1c The Nature of Turkish Rule 454
16–1d Religion and Society in the Ottoman World 456
16–1e The Ottoman Empire: A Civilization
in Decline? 457
16–1f Ottoman Art 458
16–2 The Safavids 460
16–2a The Rise of the Safavids 460
16–2b Decline and Collapse of the Dynasty 460
16–2c Safavid Politics and Society 461
16–2d Safavid Art and Literature 462
16–3 The Grandeur of the Mughals 463
16–3a Babur: Founder of the Mughal Dynasty 463
16–3b Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization 464
16–3c Akbar’s Successors 466
Opposing Viewpoints
The Capture of Port Hoogly 469
16–3d The Impact of European Power in India 469
16–3e The Mughal Dynasty: A “Gunpowder Empire”? 471
16–3f Society Under the Mughals: A Synthesis of
Cultures 472
16–3g Mughal Culture 473
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 475
17 T he East Asian World 478
17–1 China at Its Apex 479
17–1a The Later Ming 479
17–1b The Greatness of the Qing 481
Opposing Viewpoints
The Debate over Christianity 483
17–2 Changing China 486
17–2a The Population Explosion 486
17–2b Seeds of Industrialization 487
Compa rative Essay
Population Explosion 488
17–2c Daily Life in Qing China 490
17–2d Cultural Developments 491
17–3 Tokugawa Japan 494
17–3a The Three Great Unifiers 494
17–3b Opening to the West 494
17–3c The Tokugawa “Great Peace” 497
17–3d Life in the Village 499
Opposing Viewpoints
Some Confucian Commandments 500
17–3e Tokugawa Culture 501
17–4 Korea and Vietnam 504
17–4a Korea: In a Dangerous Neighborhood 504
17–4b Vietnam: The Perils of Empire 505
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 505
18 T he West on the Eve of a New World
Order 508
18–1 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: An Intellectual
Revolution in the West 509
18–1a The Scientific Revolution 509
18–1b Background to the Enlightenment 511
18–1c The Philosophes and Their Ideas 511
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The Scientific Revolution 512
18–1d Culture in an Enlightened Age 516
18–2 Economic Changes and the Social Order 519
18–2a New Economic Patterns 519
18–2b European Society in the Eighteenth Century 520
18–3 Colonial Empires and Revolution in the
Americas 521
18–3a The West Indies 521
18–3b British North America 521
18–3c French North America 522
18–3d The Seven Years’ War: Global War 523
18–3e The American Revolution 523
18–4 Toward a New Political Order 524
18–4a Prussia: The Army and the Bureaucracy 524
18–4b The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs 525
18–4c Russia Under Catherine the Great 526
18–4d Enlightened Absolutism Reconsidered 527
18–5 The French Revolution 527
18–5a Background to the French Revolution 527
Film & HIstory 528
18–5b From Estates-General to National Assembly 528
18–5c Destruction of the Old Regime 529
Opposing Viewpoints
The Natural Rights of the French People: Two Views 531
18–5d The Radical Revolution 532
18–5e Reaction and the Directory 534
18–6 The Age of Napoleon 534
18–6a The Rise of Napoleon 534
18–6b Domestic Policies 535
18–6c Napoleon’s Empire 536
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 538
Part IV
Modern Patterns of World History
(1800–1945) 540
19 T he Beginnings of Modernization:
Industrialization and Nationalism
in the Nineteenth Century 542
19–1 The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact 543
19–1a The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 543
19–1b The Spread of Industrialization 546
Compa rative Essay
The Industrial Revolution 549
19–1c Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Rest
of the World 549
19–1d Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution 550
19–2 The Growth of Industrial Prosperity 553
19–2a New Products 553
19–2b New Patterns 553
19–2c Emergence of a World Economy 554
19–2d The Spread of Industrialization 554
19–2e Women and Work: New Job
Opportunities 554
19–2f Organizing the Working Classes 556
19–3 Reaction and Revolution: The Growth
of Nationalism 557
19–3a The Conservative Order 558
19–3b Forces for Change 559
19–3c Revolution and Reform, 1830–1832 560
19–3d The Revolutions of 1848 560
Opposing Viewpoints
Response to Revolution: Two Perspectives 561
19–3e Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Empire
and the Eastern Question 562
19–4 National Unification and the National State,
1848–1871 564
19–4a The Unification of Italy 564
19–4b The Unification of Germany 564
19–4c Nationalism and Reform: The European
National State at Mid-Century 566
Film & HIstory 567
19–5 The European State, 1871–1914 568
19–5a Western Europe: The Growth
of Political Democracy 569
19–5b Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old
Order 569
19–5c International Rivalries and the Winds of War 570
19–5d The Ottoman Empire and Nationalism
in the Balkans 571
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 572
20 T he Americas and Society and Culture
in the West 575
20–1 Latin America in the Nineteenth and Early
Twentieth Centuries 576
20–1a The Wars for Independence 576
20–1b The Difficulties of Nation Building 580
20–1c Tradition and Change in the Latin American Economy
and Society 581
20–1d Political Change in Latin America 583
20–2 North American Neighbors: The United States
and Canada 584
20–2a The Growth of the United States 584
20–2b The Rise of the United States 586
20–2c The Making of Canada 587
20–3 The Emergence of Mass Society in the West 587
20–3a The New Urban Environment 588
20–3b The Social Structure of Mass Society 588
20–3c The Experiences of Women 589
FILM & HISTORY 591
OPPOSING Viewpoints
Advice to Women: Two Views 592
20–3d Education in an Age of Mass Society 593
20–3e Leisure in an Age of Mass Society 594
20–4 Cultural Life: Romanticism and Realism
in the Western World 594
20–4a The Characteristics of Romanticism 594
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The Rise of Nationalism 595
20–4b A New Age of Science 596
20–4c Realism in Literature and Art 596
20–5 Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual
and Cultural Developments 598
20–5a A New Physics 598
20–5b Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis 599
20–5c The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism
and Racism 599
20–5d The Culture of Modernity 600
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 604
21 T he High Tide of Imperialism 607
21–1 The Spread of Colonial Rule 608
21–1a The Motives 608
21–1b The Tactics 608
Compa rative Essay
Imperialisms Old and New 609
21–2 The Colonial System 610
21–2a The Philosophy of Colonialism 611
21–3 India Under the British Raj 611
Opposing Viewpoints
White Man’s Burden, Black Man’s Sorrow 612
21–3a Colonial Reforms 612
21–3b The Cost of Colonialism 613
Film & HIstory 615
21–4 Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia 615
21–4a “Opportunity in the Orient”: The Colonial Takeover
in Southeast Asia 615
21–4b The Nature of Colonial Rule 617
21–5 Empire Building in Africa 620
21–5a From Slavery to “Legitimate Trade” in Africa 620
21–5b Imperialist Shadow over the Nile 622
21–5c Arab Merchants and European Missionaries
in East Africa 623
21–5d Bantus, Boers, and British in the South 624
21–5e The Scramble for Africa 625
21–5f Colonialism in Africa 627
21–6 The Emergence of Anticolonialism 629
21–6a Stirrings of Nationhood 629
21–6b Traditional Resistance: A Precursor
to Nationalism 630
Opposing Viewpoints
To Resist or Not to Resist 633
21–6c Imperialism: Drawing Up the Balance Sheet 634
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 635
22 S hadows over the Pacific: East Asia
Under Challenge 637
22–1 The Decline of the Manchus 638
22–1a Opium and Rebellion 638
22–1b Efforts at Reform 641
22–1c The Climax of Imperialism 641
Opposing Viewpoints
Practical Learning or Confucian Essence:
The Debate over Reform 644
22–1d The Collapse of the Old Order 644
22–2 Chinese Society in Transition 647
22–2a The Economy: The Drag of Tradition 647
22–2b The Impact of Imperialism 648
Compa rative Essay
Imperialism and the Global Environment 649
22–2c Daily Life in Qing China 650
22–3 A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise
of Modern Japan 651
22–3a Opening to the World 651
22–3b The Meiji Restoration 651
22–3c Joining the Imperialist Club 657
Opposing Viewpoints
Two Views of the World 659
22–3d Japanese Culture in Transition 659
22–3e The Meiji Restoration: A Revolution from Above? 660
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 662
23 T he Beginning of the Twentieth-Century
Crisis: War and Revolution 664
23–1 The Road to World War I 665
23–1a Nationalism and Internal Dissent 665
23–1b Militarism 665
23–1c The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914 665
23–2 The Great War 668
23–2a 1914–1915: Illusions and Stalemate 668
23–2b 1916–1917: The Great Slaughter 670
23–2c The Widening of the War 671
Film & HIstory 671
23–2d A New Kind of Warfare 674
23–2e The Home Front: The Impact of Total War 674
23–3 War and Revolution 676
23–3a The Russian Revolution 676
23–3b The Last Year of the War 680
23–3c The Peace Settlement 681
Opposing Viewpoints
Three Voices of Peacemaking 682
23–4 An Uncertain Peace 685
23–4a The Impact of World War I 685
23–4b The Search for Security 686
23–4c The Great Depression 686
23–4d The Democratic States 687
23–4e Socialism in Soviet Russia 688
23–5 In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural and Intellectual
Trends 689
23–5a Nightmares and New Visions 689
Comparative Essay
A Revolution in the Arts 690
23–5b Probing the Unconscious 691
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
Chapter Review 693
24 Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship:
Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America
from 1919 to 1939 695
24–1 The Rise of Nationalism 696
24–1a Modern Nationalism 696
24–1b Gandhi and the Indian National Congress 698
24–1c Revolt in the Middle East 699
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Islam in the Modern World: Two Views 701
Film & HIstory 702
24–1d Nationalism and Revolution 705
24–2 Revolution in China 708
24–2a Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: The New Culture Movement 708
24–2b The Nationalist-Communist Alliance 709
24–2c The Nanjing Republic 710
24–2d “Down with Confucius and Sons”: Economic, Social, and Cultural Change in Republican China 712
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Out of the Doll’s House 713
24–3 Japan Between the Wars 715
24–3a Experiment in Democracy 715
24–3b A Zaibatsu Economy 716
24–3c Shidehara Diplomacy 717
24–4 Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America 718
24–4a A Changing Economy 718
24–4b The Effects of Dependency 719
24–4c Latin American Culture 721
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 721
25 T he Crisis Deepens: World War II 724
25–1 Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes 725
25–1a The Retreat from Democracy: Did Europe Have
Totalitarian States? 725
25–1b The Birth of Fascism 726
25–1c Hitler and Nazi Germany 727
25–1d The Stalinist Era in the Soviet Union 730
Film & HIstory 730
25–1e The Rise of Militarism in Japan 732
25–2 The Path to War 733
25–2a The Path to War in Europe 733
25–2b The Path to War in Asia 734
Opposing Viewpoints
The Munich Conference 735
25–3 World War II 737
25–3a Europe at War 737
25–3b Japan at War 739
25–3c The Turning Point of the War, 1942–1943 739
25–3d The Last Years of the War 742
25–4 The New Order 744
25–4a The New Order in Europe 744
25–4b The Holocaust 744
25–4c The New Order in Asia 746
25–5 The Home Front 749
25–5a Mobilizing the People 749
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Paths to Modernization 750
25–5b The Bombing of Cities 752
25–6 Aftermath of the War 754
25–6a The Costs of World War II 754
25–6b The Impact of Technology 754
25–6c World War II and the European Colonies:
Decolonization 754
25–6d The Allied War Conferences 755
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● Chapter Timeline ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 757
Part V
Towa rd a Global Civilization? The World
Since 1945 760
26 East and West in the Grip
of the Cold War 762
26–1 The Collapse of the Grand Alliance 763
26–1a Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe 763
26–1b Descent of the Iron Curtain 764
26–1c The Truman Doctrine 764
26–1d The Marshall Plan 764
26–1e Europe Divided 765
26–2 Cold War in Asia 768
26–2a The Chinese Civil War 769
26–2b Red Star Rising: The New China 771
26–2c The Korean War 771
26–2d Conflict in Indochina 772
26–3 From Confrontation to Coexistence 773
26–3a Ferment in Eastern Europe 774
26–3b Rivalry in the Third World 775
Opposing Viewpoints
Soviet Repression in Eastern Europe: Hungary, 1956 776
FILM & HISTORY 776
26–3c The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move Toward
Détente 777
26–3d The Sino-Soviet Dispute 777
26–3e The Second Indochina War 778
Opposing Viewpoints
Peaceful Coexistence or People’s War? 779
Opposing Viewpoints
Confrontation in Southeast Asia 780
26–4 An Era of Equivalence 782
26–4a The Brezhnev Doctrine 782
26–4b An Era of Détente 784
26–4c Renewed Tensions in the Third World 784
26–4d Countering the Evil Empire 785
26–4e The End of the Cold War 785
26–4f The Revenge of History 786
Compa rative Essay
Global Village or Clash of Civilizations? 788
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 789
27 B rave New World: Communism
on Trial 791
27–1 The Postwar Soviet Union 792
27–1a From Stalin to Khrushchev 792
27–1b The Brezhnev Years (1964–1982) 794
27–1c Cultural Expression in the Soviet Union 798
27–1d Social Changes 800
27–2 The Disintegration of the Soviet Empire 800
27–2a The Gorbachev Era 800
27–2b Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse? 801
27–3 The East Is Red: China Under Communism 802
27–3a New Democracy 803
27–3b The Transition to Socialism 804
27–3c The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 805
27–3d From Mao to Deng 807
27–3e Incident at Tiananmen Square 807
OPPOSING Viewpoints
Students Appeal for Democracy 808
27–3f Riding the Tiger 809
27–3g Back to Confucius? 810
27–4 “Serve the People”: Chinese Society Under
Communism 811
27–4a Economics in Command 811
27–4b Chinese Society in Flux 814
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Family and Society in an Era of Change 817
27–4c China’s Changing Culture 818
27–4d Confucius and Marx: The Tenacity of Tradition 819
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 820
28 Europe and the Western Hemisphere Since 1945 822
28–1 Recovery and Renewal in Europe 823
28–1a Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy
and the Economy 823
Film & HIstory 827
28–1b Eastern Europe After Communism 827
28–1c The New Russia 829
28–1d The Unification of Europe 830
28–2 Emergence of the Superpower: The United
States 831
28–2a American Politics and Society Through
the Vietnam Era 831
28–2b The Shift Rightward After 1973 833
28–3 The Development of Canada 835
28–4 Latin America Since 1945 835
28–4a The Threat of Marxist Revolutions 837
28–4b Nationalism and the Military: The Examples of Argentina and Brazil 839
28–4c The Mexican Way 840
28–5 Society and Culture in the Western World 842
28–5a The Emergence of a New Society 842
28–5b A Revolt in Sexual Mores 842
28–5c Youth Protest and Student Revolt 843
28–5d Women in the Postwar Western World 844
28–5e The Growth of Terrorism 846
28–5f Guest Workers and Immigrants 849
28–5g The Environment and the Green Movements 850
28–5h Western Culture Since 1945 850
28–5i Trends in Art 852
28–5j The World of Science and Technology 853
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
From the Industrial Age to the Technological Age 854
28–5k Varieties of Religious Life 855
28–5l The Explosion of Popular Culture 855
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 856
29 Challenges of Nation Building in Africa and the Middle East 858
29–1 Uhuru: The Struggle for Independence in Africa 859
29–1a The Colonial Legacy 859
29–1b The Rise of Nationalism 859
29–2 The Era of Independence 861
29–2a The Destiny of Africa: Unity or Diversity? 861
29–2b Dream and Reality: Political and Economic Conditions
in Independent Africa 861
29–2c The Search for Solutions 864
29–2d Africa: A Continent in Flux 867
29–3 Continuity and Change in Modern African
Societies 868
29–3a Education 869
29–3b Urban and Rural Life 869
29–3c African Women 870
29–3d African Culture 871
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Africa: Dark Continent or Radiant Land? 872
29–3e What Is the Future of Africa? 873
29–4 Crescent of Conflict 873
29–4a The Question of Palestine 874
29–4b Nasser and Pan-Arabism 876
29–4c The Arab-Israeli Dispute 877
29–4d Revolution in Iran 879
Film & HIstory 879
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Religion and Society 880
29–4e Crisis in the Persian Gulf 881
29–4f Turmoil in the Middle East 882
29–5 Society and Culture in the Contemporary Middle East 883
29–5a Varieties of Government: The Politics of Islam 883
29–5b The Economics of the Middle East: Oil and Sand 885
29–5c The Islamic Revival 886
29–5d Women in the Middle East 887
29–5e Literature and Art 888
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 890
30 Towa rd the Pacific Century? 892
30–1 South Asia 893
30–1a The End of the British Raj 893
30–1b Independent India 893
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Two Visions for India 895
30–1c The Land of the Pure: Pakistan Since Independence 896
30–1d Poverty and Pluralism in South Asia 897
30–1e South Asian Literature Since Independence 902
30–1f What Is the Future of India? 903
30–2 Southeast Asia 903
30–2a The End of the Colonial Era 903
30–2b In the Shadow of the Cold War 904
30–2c On the Road to Political Reform 906
30–2d Regional Conflict and Cooperation:
The Rise of ASEAN 909
30–2e Daily Life: Town and Country in Contemporary
Southeast Asia 909
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
One World, One Environment 910
30–2f Cultural Trends 912
30–2g A Region in Flux 912
30–3 Japan: Asian Giant 912
30–3a The Transformation of Modern Japan 912
30–3b The Economy 915
30–3c A Society in Transition 917
30–3d Japanese Culture 919
30–3e The Japanese Difference 920
30–4 The Little Tigers 920
30–4a Korea: A Peninsula Divided 920
30–4b Taiwan: The Other China 921
30–4c Singapore and Hong Kong:
The Littlest Tigers 922
30–4d On the Margins of Asia: Postwar Australia and New
Zealand 923
30–4e The East Asian Miracle: Fact or Myth? 923
CHAPTER SUMMARY ● CHAPTER TIMELINE ●
CHAPTER REVIEW 925
Epilogue 927
Glossary 934
Index 948