An Invitation to Health Taking Charge of Your Health, 19th Edition
By Dianne Hales
Contents
Chapter 1
Taking Charge of Your Health 3
Health and Wellness 4
The Dimensions of Health 4
Physical Health 4
Psychological Health 4
Spiritual Health 4
Social Health 4
Intellectual Health 5
Environmental Health 5
Occupational and Financial Health 5
Community Health 5
Health in America 5
Healthy People 2020 6
Health Disparities 6
Why Race Matters 7
Cancer 7
Cardiovascular Disease 7
Diabetes 7
Infant Mortality 8
Mental Health 8
Infectious Disease 8
HIV/AIDS 8
Sex, Gender, and Health 8
Health on Campus 9
College and Health 10
How Healthy Are Today’s Students? 10
The Future Starts Now 12
Student Health Norms 12
The Promise of Prevention 12
Protecting Yourself 13
Informing Yourself 13
Evaluating Online Health Information 13
Getting Medical Facts Straight 13
Understanding Risky Behaviors 14
Making Healthy Changes 15
Understanding Health Behavior 15
Predisposing Factors 15
Enabling Factors 16
Reinforcing Factors 16
How People Change 16
Health Belief Model 16
Self-Determination Theory 16
Motivational Interviewing 17
Self-Affirmation Theory 17
Transtheoretical Model 17
Taking Charge of Your Health 20 • Self-Survey 20 • Review Questions 21
Chapter 2
Psychological and Spiritual
Well-Being 23
Emotional and Mental Well-Being 23
The Lessons of Positive Psychology 24
Boost Self-Esteem 25
Develop Self-Compassion 26
Boost Emotional Intelligence 26
Meet Your Needs 26
Pursue Happiness 26
The Roots of Happiness 27
What Does and Doesn’t Make Us Happy 28
The Benefits of Happiness 28
Become Optimistic 29
Manage Your Moods 29
Take Control 29
Develop Autonomy 30
Assert Yourself 30
Spiritual Health 30
Spirituality and Physical Health 31
Deepen Your Spiritual Intelligence 31
Clarify Your Values 32
Enrich Your Spiritual Life 32
Consider the Power of Prayer 33
Cultivate Gratitude 33
Forgive 34
Sleep and Health 34
Sleepless on Campus 34
What Happens When We Sleep? 35
How Much Sleep Do You Need? 35
Sleep’s Impact on Health 36
Breathing Disorders (Snoring and Sleep Apnea) 37
Movement Disorders 37
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders 37
Getting a Better Night’s Sleep 38
Sleeping Pills 38
Taking Charge of Your Health 39 • Self-Survey 40 • Review Questions 41
Chapter 3
Caring for Your Mind 45
The Brain: The Last Frontier 45
Inside the Brain 46
Sex Differences in the Brain 47
The Teenage and 20-Something Brain 47
Understanding Mental Health 48
What Is a Mental Disorder? 48
Mental Health on Campus 48
Students at Risk 50
The Impact of Mental Disorders 50
Depressive Disorders 51
Depression in Students 51
Gender and Depression 52
Female Depression 52
Male Depression 52
Major Depressive Disorder 53
Treating Depression 53
Bipolar Disorder 54
Anxiety Disorders 55
Specific Phobia 55
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder 55
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 56
Other Common Disorders 56
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder 56
Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder 57
ADHD on Campus 57
Treating ADHD 57
Autism Spectrum Disorder 58
ASD on Campus 58
Schizophrenia 58
Self-Injury and Suicide 59
Suicide on Campus 59
Risk Factors 60
Overcoming Problems of the Mind 61
Self-Care Strategies 61
Eating Right 61
Exercise 62
Books and Websites 62
Virtual Support 62
Peer Support 62
Where to Turn for Help 62
Types of Therapists 63
Choosing a Therapist 64
Types of Therapy 64
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy 64
Interpersonal Therapy 64
Other Treatment Options 64
Psychiatric Drugs 64
Alternative Mind—Mood Products 65
Taking Charge of Your Health 65 • Self-Survey 66 • Review
Questions 66
Chapter 4
Stress Management 69
What Is Stress? 69
Eustress, Distress, and Neustress 70
Stress and the Dimensions of Health 71
Physical 71
Psychological 71
Spiritual 71
Social 71
Intellectual 71
Occupational 71
Environmental 71
Types of Stressors 71
Stress in America 72
Stress on Campus 73
Stress and Student Health 73
Gender Differences 73
Students under Age 25 74
Students over Age 25 74
Minority Students 75
Entering Freshmen 75
Test Stress 76
Other Stressors 76
Financial Stress 76
Occupational Stress 77
Burnout 77
Illness and Disability 77
Traumatic Life Events 78
Acute Stress Disorder 78
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 79
Inside Stress 79
General Adaptation Syndrome 79
Fight or Flight 80
Freezing 80
Submission 81
Challenge Response Model 81
Tend-and-Befriend Model 81
Transactional or Cognitive-Relational Model 82
Yerkes-Dodson Law 82
The Impact of Stress 83
Stress and the Heart 83
Stress and Immunity 84
Stress and the Gastrointestinal System 84
Stress and Cancer 84
Other Stress Symptoms 84
Managing Stress 85
Journaling 85
Exercise 85
Routes to Relaxation 85
Meditation and Mindfulness 86
Yoga 87
Resilience 87
Stress Prevention: Taking Control of Your Time 88
Time Management 88
Overcoming Procrastination 89
Managing Your Money 89
Financial Homeostasis 90
Organizing Basics 90
Making a Budget 91
Personal Finances 101 92
Your Credit Score 92
Banking Basics 92
Avoid Debit and Credit Card Stress 93
Digital Financial Management 94
Protect Your Private Information 94
Taking Charge of Your Health 95 • Self-Survey 96 • Review
Questions 96
Chapter 5
Personal Nutrition 99
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 100
The Building Blocks of Good Nutrition 100
Water 101
Protein 102
Protein Sources 103
Carbohydrates 103
Fiber 104
Gluten 104
Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load 104
Low-Carb Foods 105
Refined Grains 105
Fats 105
Vitamins 106
Folic Acid 107
Vitamin D 107
Minerals 107
Calcium 108
Sodium 108
Calories 108
Alcohol 109
Healthy Eating Patterns 109
MyPlate 109
The USDA Food Patterns 110
The DASH Eating Plan 110
The Mediterranean Diet 110
Vegetables and Fruits 111
Vegetarian Diets 112
Ethnic Cuisines 113
Campus Cuisine: How College Students Eat 114
Nutrition Knowledge 114
Fast Food: Eating on the Run 114
You Are What You Drink 114
Soft Drinks 115
Energy Drinks 115
Choosing Healthful Snacks 116
Taking Charge of What You Eat 117
Portions and Servings 117
Nutrition Labels 117
What Is an “Organic” Food? 117
Genetically Engineered Foods 118
Dietary Supplements 119
Food Safety 119
Fight BAC! 120
Avoiding E. Coli Infection 120
Food Poisoning 120
Pesticides 121
Food Allergies 121
Nutritional Quackery 121
Taking Charge of Your Health 122 • Self-Survey 122 • Review
Questions 124
Chapter 6
Weight Management and the Obesity
Epidemic 127
Obesity in America 127
Weight on Campus 128
Body Composition 130
Body Mass Index 130
Waist Circumference 131
Waist-to-Hip Ratio 131
Measuring Body Fat 132
Skinfold Measurement 132
Home Body Fat Analyzers 132
Laboratory Methods 132
Understanding Weight Problems 133
How Did So Many Get So Fat? 133
Health Dangers of Excess Weight 133
The Impact on the Body 134
Other Health Problems 135
Premature Death 135
The Emotional and Social Toll 135
If You’re Too Thin: How to Gain Weight 135
A Practical Guide to a Healthy Weight 136
Understanding Why We Overeat 136
Preventing Weight Gain 136
Weight Loss Diets 136
High-Protein Diets 137
Low-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diets 137
Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diets 137
The Bottom Line 137
Do Weight Loss Programs Work? 138
Physical Activity and Exercise 138
Complementary and Alternative
Medicine for Obesity 139
Common Diet Traps 139
Maintaining Weight Loss 140
Treating Severe Obesity 140
Obesity Medications 140
Obesity Surgery 141
Unhealthy Eating on Campus 141
Body Image 142
“Fat Talk” 142
Disordered Eating 143
Extreme Dieting 143
Compulsive Overeating 143
Binge Eating 144
Eating Disorders 144
Anorexia Nervosa 145
What Causes Anorexia Nervosa? 145
Health Dangers and Treatment 145
Bulimia Nervosa 146
What Causes Bulimia Nervosa? 146
Health Dangers and Treatment 147
Taking Charge of Your Health 147 • Self-Survey 148 • Review
Questions 148
Chapter 7
Physical Activity and Fitness 151
The Dangers of Inactivity 152
Physical Activity and Fitness 152
Fitness and the Dimensions
of Health 153
Working Out on Campus 153
Physical Activity and Exercise 154
The Benefits of Exercise 154
Longer and Healthier Life 154
Healthier Heart and Blood Vessels 155
Healthier Lungs 156
Protection against Cancer 157
Better Bones 157
Lower Weight 157
Better Mental Health and Functioning 157
Benefits for Students 157
Brighter Mood and Less Stress 158
A More Active and Healthy Old Age 158
Enhanced Sexuality 158
Exercise Risks 158
Physical Activity
Guidelines for Americans 159
How Much Exercise Is Enough? 160
Your Exercise Prescription 161
The Principles of Exercise 161
Overload Principle 161
FITT 162
Frequency 162
Intensity 162
Time (Duration) 162
Type (Specificity) 162
Reversibility Principle 162
Improving Cardiorespiratory
Fitness 163
Monitoring Exercise Intensity 163
High-Tech Gadgets 163
Nontech Methods 164
Target Heart Rate 164
The Karvonen Formula 164
Rating of Perceived Exertion 165
Designing an Aerobic Workout 165
Warm-up 165
Aerobic Activity 165
Cooldown 165
Your Long-Term Fitness Plan 165
Aerobic Options 166
Stepping Out: Walk the Walk 166
America on the Move 166
Jogging and Running 167
High-Intensity Interval Training 167
Other Aerobic Activities 168
Building Muscular Fitness 169
Muscles at Work 169
Designing a Muscle Workout 171
Free Weights versus Machines 171
Recovery 171
Core Strength Conditioning 172
Muscle Dysmorphia 173
Drugs Used to Boost Athletic Performance 173
Becoming More Flexible 174
The Benefits of Flexibility 174
Stretching 176
Stretching and Warming Up 176
Stretching and Athletic Performance 176
Mind-Body Approaches 177
Yoga 177
Pilates 177
T’ai Chi 178
Keeping Your Back Healthy 178
Evaluating Fitness Products and Programs 178
Exercise Equipment 178
Athletic Shoes 179
Barefoot Running and Alternative
Running Shoes 179
Fitness Centers 180
Sports Nutrition 181
Water 181
Sports Drinks 181
Dietary Supplements 182
Energy Bars 182
Safe and Healthy Workouts 182
Temperature 183
Heat Cramps 183
Heat Syndromes 183
Heat Exhaustion 183
Heat Stroke 183
Protecting Yourself from Cold 183
Exercise Injuries 184
PRICE 184
Overtraining 184
Exercise Addiction 185
Taking Charge of Your Health 186 • Self-Survey 186 • Review
Questions 187
Chapter 8
Communicating and Connecting 191
The Social Dimension of Health 191
Communicating 192
Learning to Listen 193
Being Agreeable but Assertive 193
How Men and Women Communicate 193
Men 194
Women 194
Nonverbal Communication 194
Forming Relationships 194
Friendship 195
Loneliness 195
Shyness and Social Anxiety Disorder 195
Building a Healthy Community 196
Doing Good 197
Living in a Wired World 197
Social Networking on Campus 197
Self-Disclosure and Privacy in a Digital Age 199
Digital Dating 199
Problematic Smartphone and Internet Use 200
Loving and Being Loved 201
Intimate Relationships 201
What Attracts Two People to Each Other? 202
Infatuation 202
The Science of Romantic Love 202
A Psychological View 202
An Anthropological View 203
A Biochemical View 203
Mature Love 203
Dysfunctional Relationships 203
Intimate Partner Violence 203
Emotional Abuse 204
Codependency 205
Signs of Codependency 205
Enabling 205
When Love Ends 205
Partnering across the Lifespan 206
The New Transition to Adulthood 206
Cohabitation 207
Long-Term Relationships 207
Marriage 208
Preparing for Marriage 208
The Benefits of Marriage 208
Same-Sex Marriage 209
Issues Couples Confront 209
Money 209
Sex 210
Extramarital Affairs 210
Two-Career Couples 210
Conflict in Marriage 211
Saving Marriages 211
Divorce 211
Family Ties 212
Diversity within Families 212
Unmarried Parents 213
Taking Charge of Your Health 214 • Self-Survey 214 • Review
Questions 216
Chapter 9
Sexual Health 219
Sexual Health 220
Sexuality and the Dimensions of Health 220
Biological Sex 220
How Hormones Work 221
Women’s Sexual Health 222
Female Sexual Anatomy 222
The Menstrual Cycle 223
Premenstrual Syndrome 225
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 226
Menstrual Cramps 226
Amenorrhea 226
Toxic Shock Syndrome 226
Men’s Sexual Health 226
Male Sexual Anatomy 226
Circumcision 227
The Gender Spectrum 228
Responsible Sexuality 229
Creating a Sexually Healthy Relationship 229
Making Sexual Decisions 229
Saying No to Sex 231
Sexual Behavior 231
Sexual Initiation: “Having Sex” for the First Time 232
Sex on Campus 233
Hooking Up 233
Friends with Benefits 234
Choosing Sexual Partners 234
Romantic Relationships 234
Ethnic Variations 234
Sex in America 235
Sexual Diversity 235
Heterosexuality 236
Bisexuality 236
Homosexuality 236
Roots of Homosexuality 237
Coming Out 237
Sexual Activity 237
Celibacy 237
Abstinence 238
Fantasy 238
Pornography 239
Masturbation 239
Nonpenetrative Sexual Activity (Outercourse) 240
Intercourse 240
Oral Sex 240
Anal Stimulation and Intercourse 241
Sexual Response 241
Excitement 242
Plateau 242
Orgasm 242
Resolution 242
Other Models of Sexual Response 242
Sexual Concerns 243
Sexual Difficulties and Dysfunctions 243
Erectile Dysfunction 244
Orgasm Problems in Men 245
Female Sexual Dysfunction 245
Sex Therapy 246
Drugs and Sex 246
Atypical Behavior 246
Sexual Addiction 246
Sexual Deviations 247
The Business of Sex 247
Taking Charge of Your Health 248 • Self-Survey 248 • Review
Questions 249
Chapter 10
Reproductive Options 253
Reproductive Responsibility 253
Conception 254
Abstinence and Nonpenetrative Sexual Activity 255
Contraception 256
The Benefits and Risks of Contraceptives 256
Birth Control in America 260
Reproductive Coercion 261
Contraception Choices 261
Birth Control on Campus 261
Hormonal Contraceptives 263
Oral Contraceptives 263
Combination Oral Contraceptives 263
Progestin-Only Pills 264
Before Using Oral Contraceptives 264
A Special Caution 264
Long-Acting Oral Contraceptives 265
Seasonale and Seasonique 265
Lybrel, the “No-Period” Pill 265
Contraceptive Patch 266
Contraceptive Vaginal Ring 266
Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives 267
Intrauterine Device 267
Contraceptive Injection 268
Contraceptive Implant 268
Barrier Contraceptives 269
Condoms 270
Male Condom 270
Female Condom 271
Contraceptive Sponge 272
Vaginal Spermicides and Film 273
Diaphragm 273
Cervical Cap 274
FemCap 274
Fertility Awareness and Digital Birth
Control 275
Digital Birth Control 276
Emergency Contraception 276
Sterilization 277
Male Sterilization 277
Female Sterilization 278
When Pregnancy Occurs 279
Unwanted Pregnancy 279
Abortion 279
The Psychological Impact of Abortion
280
The Politics of Abortion 280
Pregnancy 281
Preconception Care 281
Home Pregnancy Tests 282
Prenatal Care 282
A Healthy Diet 282
Exercise 282
Avoid Smoking and Smoke 282
Don’t Use Alcohol or Drugs 282
A Woman’s Bodily Changes During
Pregnancy 282
Neonatal Development 283
Complications of Pregnancy 283
Ectopic Pregnancy 284
Miscarriage 284
Infections 284
Zika Virus 284
Genetic Disorders 284
Preterm Labor 285
Childbirth 285
Preparing for Childbirth 285
Labor and Delivery 285
Cesarean Birth 286
Infertility 286
Options for Infertile Couples 287
Artificial Insemination 287
Assisted Reproductive Technology 287
Transgender Individuals 287
Adoption 287
Taking Charge Of Your Health 288 • Self-Survey 288 • Review
Questions 289
Chapter 11
Sexually Transmitted Infections 291
Sexually Transmitted Infections and Diseases 292
Zika Virus 292
Risk Factors for Sexually Transmitted Infections 293
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections 295
The ABCs of Safer Sex 295
A Is for Abstain 295
B Is for Be Faithful 295
C Is for Condoms 296
STIs and Gender 296
If You Are a Woman 296
If You Are a Man 297
STIs on Campus 297
What College Students Don’t Know about STIs 298
Common STIs and STDs 298
Human Papillomavirus 298
Incidence 299
HPV Vaccination 299
HPV Vaccination on Campus 300
Signs and Symptoms 300
Diagnosis and Treatment 300
Genital Herpes 300
Incidence 301
Signs and Symptoms 301
Diagnosis and Treatment 301
Chlamydia 302
Incidence 302
Signs and Symptoms 302
Diagnosis and Treatment 303
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 303
Incidence 303
Signs and Symptoms 303
Diagnosis and Treatment 303
Gonorrhea 303
Incidence 303
Signs and Symptoms 303
Diagnosis and Treatment 304
Nongonococcal Urethritis 304
Syphilis 304
Incidence 305
Signs and Symptoms 305
Diagnosis and Treatment 305
Chancroid 305
Pubic Lice and Scabies 306
Trichomoniasis 306
Bacterial Vaginosis 306
HIV and AIDS 306
Incidence 307
Who Is at Risk? 307
Reducing the Risk of HIV Transmission 308
Sexual Transmission 308
Nonsexual Transmission 309
Preventing HIV Infection 309
Recognizing and Treating HIV/AIDS 309
HIV Testing 310
Diagnosing AIDS 310
Prevention and Protection 310
Treatment 310
Taking Charge of Your Health 311 • Self-Survey 311 • Review
Questions 313
Chapter 12
Major Diseases 315
Your Cardiometabolic
Health 316
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors 316
Risk Factors You Can Control 317
Overweight/Obesity 317
Body Fat 317
Waist Circumference 317
Physical Inactivity 318
Prolonged Sitting 318
Healthy Diet 318
Tobacco Use 318
High Blood Glucose 318
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 318
Lipoprotein Levels 319
Risk Factors You Can’t Control 319
Family History 319
Race and Ethnicity 319
Socioeconomic Status 320
Age 320
Height 320
Metabolic Syndrome 320
Who Is at Risk? 320
What Are the Signs? 321
Diabetes 321
Insulin Resistance 321
Prediabetes 322
Diabetes Mellitus 322
Who Is at Risk? 322
Types of Diabetes 323
Type 1 Diabetes 323
Type 2 Diabetes 323
Gestational Diabetes 324
Detecting Diabetes 324
Diabetes Signs and Symptoms 324
Diabetes Management 324
Treatment 325
Hypertension 325
Hypertension in the Young 326
Who Is at Risk? 327
What Your Blood Pressure Reading
Means 327
Monitoring Your Blood Pressure 328
Lowering High Blood Pressure 328
Reducing Sodium 328
The DASH Eating Pattern 328
Exercise 328
Medications 328
Your Lipoprotein Profile 328
What Is a Healthy Cholesterol Reading? 329
Lowering Cholesterol 329
Lifestyle Changes 329
Medications 330
Cardiovascular (Heart) Disease 331
How the Heart Works 331
Heart Risks on Campus 332
Psychosocial Risk Factors 333
Stress 333
Depression 333
Anger and Hostility 334
Personality Types 334
The Power of Positive Emotions 334
Other Risk Factors 334
Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein 334
Homocysteine 335
Illegal Drugs 335
Bacterial Infection 335
The Heart of a Woman 335
Coronary Artery Disease 336
Atherosclerosis 336
Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) 336
Is It a Heart Attack? 337
Cardiac Arrest 337
Saving Hearts 337
Stroke 338
Who Is at Risk? 338
Types of Stroke 339
Silent Strokes 339
Transient Ischemic Attacks 339
The Effects of Stroke on the Brain 339
Why Quick Treatment Matters 339
Cancer 341
Understanding Cancer 341
Who Is at Risk? 342
Heredity 342
Racial and Ethnic Groups 342
Obesity 343
Carcinogens 344
Common Types of Cancer 344
Skin Cancer 344
Breast Cancer 346
Cervical Cancer 349
Ovarian Cancer 350
Testicular Cancer 350
Colon and Rectal Cancer 351
Prostate Cancer 351
Other Major Illnesses 352
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders 352
Asthma 352
Ulcers 353
Taking Charge of Your Health 354 • Self-Survey 355 • Review
Questions 356
Chapter 13
Infectious Diseases 359
Understanding Infection 360
Agents of Infection 360
Viruses 360
Bacteria 361
Fungi 361
Protozoa 361
Helminths (Parasitic Worms) 361
How Infections Spread 362
Animals and Insects 362
People 362
Food 362
Water 362
The Process of Infection 362
Who Develops Infections? 362
How Your Body Protects Itself 363
Immune Response 364
Immunity and Stress 365
Immunity and Gender 365
Immune Disorders 366
Allergic Rhinitis 366
Autoimmune Disorders 366
Immunization 367
Childhood Vaccinations 367
Adult Vaccinations 367
Upper Respiratory Infections 368
Common Cold 368
Preventing Colds 369
Antibiotics 370
Influenza 370
H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) 371
The Threat of a Pandemic 371
Meningitis 371
Preventing Meningitis 372
Recognizing Meningitis 372
When to Seek Medical Care 373
Hepatitis 373
Hepatitis A 373
Hepatitis B 373
Who Develops Hepatitis B? 374
Hepatitis C 374
Other Infectious Illnesses 375
Epstein-Barr Virus and Infectious
Mononucleosis 375
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome (ME/CFS) 375
Herpes Gladiatorum (Mat Herpes, Wrestler’s Herpes, Mat
Pox) 375
Tuberculosis 376
The “Superbug” Threat: MRSA 376
Preventing MRSA 376
Who Is at Highest Risk? 376
Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections 377
Lyme Disease 377
West Nile Virus 377
Zika Virus 377
Transmission 378
Symptoms 378
Diagnosis and Treatment 378
Prevention 378
Avian Influenza 378
Emerging Infectious Diseases 378
SARS 378
Ebola 379
Smallpox 379
Reproductive and Urinary Tract Infections 379
Vaginal Infections 379
Urinary Tract Infections 380
Taking Charge of Your Health 381 • Self-Survey 381 • Review
Questions 382
Chapter 14
Consumer Health 385
Health Insurance 386
The Affordable Care Act 386
How Health Insurance Works 386
What You Need to Know 387
Consumer-Driven Health Care 388
Evidence-Based Medicine 388
Outcomes Research 388
Personalizing Your Health Care 388
Your Family Health History 389
Gender Differences 389
Mobile Health (mHealth) Apps and Monitors 389
Self-Care 390
Oral Health 391
Becoming a Savvy Health-Care Consumer 392
Making the Most of a Medical Visit 392
Scheduling the Appointment 392
Before Your Appointment 392
At Your Appointment 393
The Physical Examination 393
Talking with Your Health-Care Provider 393
After Your Visit 394
Diagnostic Tests 395
Screening Tests 395
Preventing Medical Errors 396
Your Medical Rights 397
Your Right to Be Treated with Respect and Dignity 397
Your Right to Information 397
Your Right to Privacy and Access to Medical Records 397
Your Right to Quality Health Care 398
Elective Treatments 398
Vision Surgery 398
When Is Vision Surgery Not for You? 398
Cosmetic Surgery 399
Body Art Perils 399
Health Hoaxes and Medical Quackery 400
Nontraditional Health Care 400
Types of CAM 401
Alternative Medical Systems 401
Mind–Body Medicine 402
Biologically Based Therapies 403
Manipulative and Body-Based Methods 403
The Health-Care System 404
Health-Care Practitioners 404
Physicians 404
The Health-Care Team 405
Dentists 405
Chiropractors 405
Health-Care Facilities 405
College Health Centers 405
Outpatient Treatment Centers 405
Hospitals and Medical Centers 406
Emergency Services 406
Inpatient Care 406
Home Health Care 406
Taking Charge of Your Health 407 • Self-Survey 407 • Review
Questions 408
Chapter 15
Addictive Behaviors and Drugs 411
Understanding Addiction 412
Addiction and the Dimensions of Health 412
Preventing Addictions 413
Gambling and Behavioral Addictions 413
Problem Gambling 414
Gambling Disorder 414
Gambling on Campus 415
Risk Factors for Problem Gambling 415
Drug Use on Campus 415
Why Students Don’t Use Drugs 416
Why Students Use Drugs 416
Understanding
Drugs and Their Effects 417
Routes of Administration 418
Dosage and Toxicity 418
Individual Differences 418
Gender and Drugs 419
Setting 419
Types of Action 419
Interaction with Other Drugs or Alcohol 419
Caffeine and Its Effects 419
Caffeine Intoxication 421
Caffeine-Containing Energy Drinks 421
Medications 422
Over-the-Counter Drugs 422
Prescription Drugs 423
Physical Side Effects 423
Psychological Side Effects 423
Drug Interactions 424
Drugs and Alcohol 424
Generic Drugs 424
Buying Drugs Online 424
Substance Use Disorders 425
Dependence 425
Misuse 425
Intoxication and Withdrawal 425
Polyabuse 425
Coexisting Conditions 426
Causes of Substance Use Disorders 426
The Neurobiology of Dependence 426
The Psychology of Vulnerability 426
The Opioid Epidemic 427
How the Epidemic Started 427
The Impact of the Epidemic 427
Who Is at Risk? 428
Recovery 428
Prescription Drug Abuse 428
Prescription Drugs on Campus 429
Prescription Stimulants 429
Prescription Painkillers 430
Commonly Abused Drugs 430
Cannabinoids 430
CBD 431
Risks and Potential Health Consequences 431
Medical Marijuana 433
Legalized Marijuana 433
Dependence 433
Withdrawal 433
Herbal Drugs 433
Salvia 433
Khat 434
Synthetic Designer Drugs 434
Synthetic Marijuana 434
Synthetic Cathinone 434
Club Drugs 435
Ecstasy 436
Herbal Ecstasy 437
GHB and GBL 437
Nitrites 437
Stimulants 437
Amphetamines 437
Methamphetamine 438
Cocaine 440
Depressants 442
Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates 442
Opioids 443
Fentanyl 444
Hallucinogens 444
Dissociative Drugs 445
Ketamine 445
PCP 445
Inhalants 446
Treatment of Substance
Dependence
and Misuse 447
Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment 447
12-Step Programs 447
Relapse Prevention 448
Taking Charge of Your Health 449 • Self-Survey 449 • Review
Questions 450
Chapter 16
Alcohol 453
Drinking in America 454
Why People Don’t Drink 454
Why People Drink 454
Drinking on Campus 455
Why Students Don’t Drink 456
Why Students Drink 456
High-Risk Drinking on Campus 458
Binge Drinking 458
Who Binge-Drinks in College? 458
Why Students Binge-Drink 458
Binge Drinking and Disordered Eating 459
Predrinking/Pregaming 459
Why Is Predrinking Popular? 460
The Perils of Predrinking 460
Underage Drinking on Campus 460
Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks 460
Why Students Stop Drinking 461
Alcohol-Related Problems on Campus 461
Consequences of Drinking 461
Drinking and Driving 462
“Secondhand” Drinking Problems
463
Understanding Alcohol 463
Blood-Alcohol Concentration 464
Moderate Alcohol Use 467
Alcohol Intoxication 467
Alcohol Poisoning 467
The Impact of Alcohol on the Body 468
Digestive System 469
Weight and Waists 469
Cardiorespiratory System 469
Cancer 469
Brain and Behavior 469
Interaction with Other Drugs 470
Immune System 471
Health Problems Later in Life 471
Increased Risk of Dying 471
Alcohol, Gender, and Race 471
Gender 471
Race 472
African American Community 472
Latino Community 472
Native American Community 473
Asian American Community 473
Alcohol-Related Disorders 473
Alcohol Use Disorder 473
Causes 474
Medical Complications 474
Alcoholism Treatments 475
Detoxification 475
Medications 475
Inpatient or Residential Treatment 476
Outpatient Treatment 476
Behavioral Therapies 476
Moderation Training 476
12-Step Self-Help Programs 476
Harm Reduction Therapy 477
Alternatives to AA 477
Recovery 477
Alcoholism’s Impact on Relationships 478
Growing Up with an Alcoholic Parent 478
Adult Children of Alcoholics 478
Taking Charge of Your Health 479 • Self-Survey 479 • Review
Questions 480
Chapter 17
Tobacco 483
Tobacco Use in America 484
Why People Smoke 484
Limited Education 485
Underestimation of Risks 485
Adolescent Experimentation and Rebellion 485
Stress 485
Parent Role Models 485
Addiction 485
Genetics 485
Weight Control 485
Mental Disorders 486
Substance Abuse 486
Tobacco Use Disorder 486
Tobacco Use on Campus 486
Social Smoking 487
College Tobacco-Control Policies 488
Smoking, Gender, and Race 488
Tobacco’s Immediate
Effects 489
How Nicotine Works 489
Tar and Carbon Monoxide 490
Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking 490
Health Effects on Students 490
Premature Death 490
Heart Disease and Stroke 491
Cancer 492
Respiratory Diseases 492
Other Smoking-Related Problems 493
E-Cigarettes and Vaping 493
Other Forms of Tobacco 494
Water Pipes (Hookahs) 494
Hookah Use on Campus 494
Cigars and Pipes 495
Bidis 496
Clove Cigarettes (Kreteks) 496
Smokeless Tobacco 496
Snus 496
Quitting Tobacco Use 497
Physical Benefits of Quitting 497
Psychological Benefits of Quitting 497
Quitting on Your Own 498
Virtual Support 498
Stop-Smoking Groups 498
Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) 498
Nicotine Gum 498
Nicotine Patches 499
Nicotine Inhaler 499
Electronic Cigarettes 499
Medications and Other Treatments 499
Combined Treatments 500
Quitting and the Risks Associated
with Smoking 500
Environmental Tobacco Smoke 500
Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke 501
Thirdhand Smoke 502
The Fight for Clean Air 502
Taking Charge Of Your Health 503 • Self-Survey 504 • Review
Questions 505
Chapter 18
Personal Safety 509
Unintentional Injury 509
Why Accidents Happen 510
Safety on the Road 511
Avoid Distracted Driving 511
Don’t Text or Talk 512
Stay Alert 512
Buckle Up 512
Check for Air Bags 512
Rein in Road Rage 513
Cycle Safely 513
Safety at Work and at Home 514
Computers and Your Health 514
Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs) 514
Vision Problems and Neck Pain 514
At Home 515
Which Gender Is at Greater Risk? 515
Violence in America 516
Gun Violence 516
Mass Shootings 517
A Public Health Approach 518
Violence and Crime on Campus 518
Hazing 519
Hate or Bias Crimes 519
Microaggressions 520
Campus Shootings 520
Consequences of Campus Violence 521
Sexual Victimization and Violence 521
Sexual Violence against Women 521
Sexual Violence against Men 522
Cyberbullying and Sexting 522
Sexual Harassment 522
Stalking 523
Intimate Partner (Dating) Violence 523
Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence 524
Disclosure and Support 524
Rape 524
Sexual Assault on Campus 525
Changing the Campus Culture 525
#MeToo 526
Bystander Training 526
Sexual Coercion 526
Incapacitated Sexual Assault and Date-Rape
Drugs 526
Rape on Campus 527
Acquaintance or Date Rape 527
Stranger Rape 528
Male Nonconsensual Sex and Rape 528
Impact of Rape 528
What to Do in Case of Sexual Assault and Rape 529
Helping the Victims of Violence 529
Taking Charge of Your Health 530 • Self-Survey 531 • Review
Questions 532
Chapter 19
A Healthier Environment 535
The Environment and Your Health 535
Climate Change 536
Global Warming 536
The Health Risks 537
The Impact of Pollution 538
The Air You Breathe 539
Ozone 539
Particle Pollution 540
Green Space 540
Working toward Sustainability 540
The Water You Drink 541
Is Bottled Water Better? 543
Portable Water Bottles 543
Indoor Pollutants: The Inside Story 543
Environmental Tobacco Smoke 543
Secondhand Smoke 544
Thirdhand Smoke 544
Radon 544
Molds and Other Biological Contaminants 544
Household Products 545
Formaldehyde 545
Pesticides 546
Asbestos 546
Lead 546
Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen
Dioxide 547
Chemical Risks 547
Agricultural Pesticides 548
Chemical Weapons 548
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity 548
Invisible Threats 549
Electromagnetic Fields 549
Cell Phones 549
Microwaves 550
Ionizing Radiation 550
Diagnostic X-Rays 550
Your Hearing Health 550
How Loud Is That Noise? 551
Effects of Noise 551
Are Earbuds Hazardous to Hearing? 551
Hearing Loss 553
Taking Charge of Your Health 553 • Self-Survey 554 • Review
Questions 554
Chapter 20
A Lifetime of Health 557
Quality and Quantity
of Life 558
Will You Live to 50? 559
Aging Well 559
Physical Activity: It’s Never Too Late 559
Nutrition and Obesity 560
The Aging Brain 560
Cognitive Aging 561
Memory 561
Women at Midlife 561
Menopause 562
Hormone Therapy 562
Men at Midlife 563
Low Testosterone 563
Prostate Problems 563
Sexuality and Aging 563
The Challenges of Age 564
Mild Cognitive Impairment 565
Alzheimer’s Disease 565
Osteoporosis 566
Preparing for Medical
Crises and the End of Life 566
Advance Directives 567
Health-Care Proxies 567
Living Wills 567
The Five Wishes 567
DNR Orders 567
Ethical Dilemmas 568
The Gift of Life 568
Death and Dying 569
Death Literacy and Education 569
Defining Death 569
Denying Death 570
Emotional Responses to Dying 570
How We Die 571
A “Good” Death 572
Caregiving 572
Hospice: Caring When Curing Isn’t Possible 572
Near-Death Experiences 572
Suicide 573
“Rational” Suicide 573
Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide 573
Right-to-Die Laws 573
The Practicalities of Death 574
Funeral Arrangements 574
Autopsies 574
Grief 574
Grief’s Impact on Students 575
Grief’s Effects on Health 575
Taking Charge of Your Health 576 • Self-Survey 577 • Review
Questions 579
Answers to Review Questions 581
Glossary 583
Index 593