Chemistry in Focus Year 12, 2nd Edition
By Anna Davis, Anne Disney and Debra Smith
Contents:
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viii
Author Team. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
Author Acknowledgements . X
Publisher Acknowledgements. X
Using Chemistry In Focus. Xi
Outcome Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xiii
- Working scientifically and depth studies 1
1.1 The nature of chemistry. 2
1.2 Solving scientific problems – depth studies . 4
1.3 Designing your investigation. 7
1.4 Conducting your investigation. 12
1.5 Analysing data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
1.6 Communicating your understanding. 18
1.7 Ideas for depth studies. 21
Chapter summary. 22
MODULE FIVE » EQUILIBRIUM AND ACID REACTIONS 23
- Qualitative equilibrium 24
2.1 Non-equilibrium systems. 25
2.2 Reversible reactions. 28
2.3 Dynamic equilibrium. 34
2.4 Changes to equilibrium. 39
Chapter summary. 50
Chapter review questions. 51
- Calculating the equilibrium constant 53
3.1 Equilibrium constant. 54
3.2 Measuring equilibrium constants. 61
3.3 Uses of equilibrium constants. 67
3.4 Effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant . 71
3.5 Applications of Keq for different types of chemical reactions. 72
Chapter summary. 78
Chapter review questions. 79
- Solution equilibria 81
4.1 Revision. 82
4.2 Dissolution of ionic compounds. 85
4.3 Measuring solubility. 87
4.4 Australia’s first peoples – removing toxicity from foods. 91
4.5 Solubility rules. 94
4.6 Solubility equilibrium. 100
4.7 Relationship between the Ksp and solubility . 102
4.8 The common ion effect. 107
Chapter summary. 113
Chapter review questions. 114
End-of-module 5 review 115
MODULE SIX » ACID/BASE REACTIONS 117
- Properties of acids and bases 118
5.1 Naming inorganic compounds. 119
5.2 Properties of common inorganic acids and bases. 122
5.3 Reactions of acids. 125
5.4 Neutralisation reactions. 128
5.5 Changes in understanding of acids and bases. 135
Chapter summary. 140
Chapter review questions. 141
- Using Brønsted–Lowry theory 143
6.1 Brønsted–Lowry revisited. 144
6.2 The pH scale. 146
6.3 Concentration versus strength of acids and bases. 152
6.4 Self-ionisation of water. 158
6.5 Defining and calculating pOH. 162
6.6 Applying dissociation constants for acids . 165
6.7 Dissociation constants for bases . 173
6.8 Revisiting neutralisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .178
Chapter summary. 186
Chapter review questions. 187
- Using quantitative analysis 189
7.1 Volumetric analysis – the basics. 190
7.2 Primary standard solutions. 195
7.3 Performing volumetric analysis. 198
7.4 Other types of titrations. 203
7.5 Keeping the balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
7.6 Applying analysis techniques. 227
Chapter summary. 231
Chapter review questions. 232
End-of-module 6 review 234
MODULE SEVEN » ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 237
- Hydrocarbons 238
8.1 Bonding in carbon. 239
8.2 Alkanes. 242
8.3 Alkenes. 246
8.4 Alkynes. 249
8.5 Halogenated organic compounds. 250
8.6 Isomers. 253
8.7 Benzene. 254
8.8 Properties of alkanes. 256
Chapter summary. 259
Chapter review questions. 260
- Functional group compounds 262
9.1 Functional groups. 263
9.2 Alcohols. 264
9.3 Aldehydes and ketones. 273
9.4 Carboxylic acids. 276
9.5 Amines and amides. 280
Chapter summary. 286
Chapter review questions. 287
- Hydrocarbon reactions 289
10.1 Using organic substances safely. 290
10.2 Unsaturated hydrocarbon reactions. 295
10.3 Saturated hydrocarbon reactions. 299
10.4 Implications of obtaining and using hydrocarbons. 303
Chapter summary. 312
Chapter review questions. 313
- Alcohols 315
11.1 Combustion of alcohols. 316
11.2 Dehydration of alcohols. 322
11.3 Substitution with hydrogen halides (HX). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
11.4 Oxidation of alcohols. 323
11.5 Production of alcohols. 327
11.6 Fuels from different sources. 333
Chapter summary. 338
Chapter review questions. 339
- Reactions of organic acids and bases 341
12.1 Esters. 342
12.2 Preparing esters. 344
12.3 Organic acids and bases. 349
12.4 Soaps and detergents. 352
12.5 Summarising organic compounds and reactions. 360
12.6 Designing and constructing flow charts for chemical synthesis. 362
Chapter summary. 365
Chapter review questions. 366
- Polymers 367
13.1 Synthetic polymers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
13.2 Addition polymers. 371
13.3 Relating properties, uses and structure. 381
13.4 Condensation polymers. 387
13.5 Natural polymers. 393
Chapter summary. 398
Chapter review questions. 399
End-of-module 7 review 401
MODULE 8 » APPLYING CHEMICAL IDEAS 403
- Analysis of inorganic substances 404
14.1 Why monitor the environment?. 405
14.2 Identifying ions in solution . 407
14.3 Identifying of cations in solution . 409
14.4 Identifying anions in solution. 419
14.5 Quantitative analysis of ions. 425
14.6 Instrumental quantitative techniques . 434
Chapter summary. 443
Chapter review questions. 444
- Analysis of organic substances 447
15.1 Chemical tests for functional groups . 448
15.2 Analytical techniques: Faster and better. 453
15.3 Mass spectroscopy. 454
15.4 NMR spectroscopy. 461
15.5 Infrared spectroscopy. 469
15.6 Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. 475
15.7 Combining techniques. 480
Chapter summary. 482
Chapter review questions. 483
- Chemical synthesis and design 487
16.1 Synthesis reactions. 488
16.2 Designing synthesis reactions. 490
16.3 Yields of reactions. 492
16.4 Issues associated with chemical synthesis. 503
16.5 Green polymers – a case study in greening the plastics industry. 506
Chapter summary. 510
Chapter review questions. 511
End-of-module 8 review 512
MODULE 8 » APPLYING CHEMICAL IDEAS 403
Appendix 1: Periodic Table. 517
Appendix 2: Relative Atomic Masses (Atomic Weights) Of Common Elements. 518
Appendix 3: Guidelines For Using Significant Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Appendix 4: Common Ions, Ion Colours, Flame Colours And Solubilities . 520
Appendix 5: Common Units Of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Appendix 6: Acid–Base Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Appendix 7: Relative Acid Strengths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Appendix 8: Standard Electrode Potentials At 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Appendix 9: Data Tables . 527
Student Book Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Glossary .. 540
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547