Understanding Nutrition, 3rd Edition
By Eleanor Whitney, Sharon Rady Rolfes, Tim Crowe, David Cameron-Smith and Adam Walsh
Contents:
Guide to the text x
Guide to the online resources xiv
Features matrix xvi
Preface xviii
About the authors xx
Acknowledgements xxi
CHAPTER 1
An overview of nutrition 1
Food choices 2
The nutrients 4
The science of nutrition 11
Nutrient reference values 18
Nutrition assessment 22
Diet and health 26
Chapter activities 30
HIGHLIGHT 1 Nutrition information and misinformation – on the net and in the news 33
CHAPTER 2
Planning a healthy diet 40
Principles and guidelines 41
Diet-planning guides 45
Food labels 54
Chapter activities 59
HIGHLIGHT 2 Vegetarian diets 62
CHAPTER 3
Digestion, absorption and transport 67
Digestion 68
Absorption 76
The circulatory systems 79
The health and regulation of the GI tract 81
Chapter activities 86
HIGHLIGHT 3 Common digestive problems 88
CHAPTER 4
The carbohydrates: sugars, starches and dietary fibre 96
The chemist’s view of carbohydrates 97
The simple carbohydrates 98
The complex carbohydrates 101
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates 104
Glucose in the body 108
Health effects and recommended intakes of sugars 114
Alternative sweeteners 117
Health effects and recommended intakes of starch and dietary fibre 122
Chapter activities 128
HIGHLIGHT 4 Carbs, kJ and controversies 131
CHAPTER 5
The lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols 137
The chemist’s view of fatty acids and triglycerides 138
The chemist’s view of phospholipids and sterols 145
Digestion, absorption and transport of lipids 147
Lipids in the body 154
Health effects and recommended intakes of saturated fats, trans fats and cholesterol 157
Health effects and recommended intakes mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fats 160
From guidelines to groceries 163
Chapter activities 169
HIGHLIGHT 5 High-fat foods – friend or foe? 172
CHAPTER 6
Protein: amino acids 180
The chemist’s view of proteins 181
Digestion and absorption of protein 185
Proteins in the body 187
Protein in foods 197
Health effects and recommended intakes of protein 199
Chapter activities 207
HIGHLIGHT 6 Nutritional genomics 210
CHAPTER 7
Metabolism: transformations and interactions 216
Chemical reactions in the body 217
Breaking down nutrients for energy 221
Energy balance 237
Chapter activities 243
HIGHLIGHT 7 Alcohol and nutrition 246
CHAPTER 8
Energy balance and body composition 257
Energy balance 258
Energy in: the kilojoules foods provide 259
Energy out: the kilojoules the body expends 263
Body weight, body composition and health 269
Chapter activities 278
HIGHLIGHT 8 Eating disorders 281
CHAPTER 9
Weight management: overweight, obesity and underweight 291
Overweight and obesity 292
Causes of overweight and obesity 295
Problems of overweight and obesity 303
Aggressive treatments for obesity 307
Weight-loss strategies 309
Underweight 321
Chapter activities 324
HIGHLIGHT 9 The latest and greatest weight-loss diet – again 327
CHAPTER 10
The water-soluble vitamins: B group vitamins and vitamin C 336
The vitamins – an overview 337
The B group vitamins – as individuals 340
The B group vitamins – in concert 365
Vitamin C 367
Chapter activities 375
HIGHLIGHT 10 Vitamin and mineral supplements 378
CHAPTER 11
The fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E and K 384
Vitamin A and beta-carotene 385
Vitamin D 393
Vitamin E 398
Vitamin K 400
The fat-soluble vitamins – in summary 403
Chapter activities 404
HIGHLIGHT 11 Is it time to shine for vitamin D? 406
CHAPTER 12
Water and the major minerals 412
Water and the body fluids 413
The minerals – an overview 425
Sodium 427
Chloride 431
Potassium 432
Calcium 435
Phosphorus 442
Magnesium 444
Sulphate 447
Chapter activities 449
HIGHLIGHT 12 Osteoporosis and calcium 452
CHAPTER 13
The trace minerals 460
The trace minerals – an overview 461
Iron 462
Zinc 472
Iodine 476
Selenium 478
Copper 480
Manganese 481
Fluoride 482
Chromium 484
Molybdenum 485
Other trace minerals 485
Contaminant minerals 486
Closing thoughts on the nutrients 487
Chapter activities 489
HIGHLIGHT 13 Phytochemicals and functional foods 492
CHAPTER 14
Fitness: physical activity, nutrients and body adaptations 501
Fitness 502
Energy systems and fuels to support activity 509
Vitamins and minerals to support activity 518
Fluids and electrolytes to support activity 520
Diets for physically active people 525
Chapter activities 528
HIGHLIGHT 14 Supplements as ergogenic aids 530
CHAPTER 15
Life cycle nutrition: pregnancy and lactation 538
Nutrition prior to pregnancy 539
Growth and development during pregnancy 540
Maternal weight 546
Nutrition during pregnancy 549
High-risk pregnancies 556
Nutrition during lactation 563
Chapter activities 569
HIGHLIGHT 15 Foetal alcohol syndrome 572
CHAPTER 16
Life cycle nutrition: infancy, childhood and adolescence 578
Nutrition during infancy 579
Nutrition during childhood 591
Nutrition during adolescence 603
Chapter activities 607
HIGHLIGHT 16 Childhood obesity and the early development of chronic diseases 610
CHAPTER 17
Life cycle nutrition: adulthood and the later years 617
Nutrition and longevity 619
The ageing process 623
Energy and nutrient needs of older adults 626
Nutrition-related concerns of older adults 630
Food choices and eating habits of older adults 635
Chapter activities 639
HIGHLIGHT 17 Nutrient–drug interactions 642
CHAPTER 18
Diet-related disease 649
Nutrition and infectious diseases 650
Nutrition and chronic diseases 652
Cardiovascular disease 654
Hypertension 663
Diabetes mellitus 667
Cancer 672
Recommendations for chronic disease prevention 677
Chapter activities 679
HIGHLIGHT 18 Complementary and alternative medicine 681
CHAPTER 19
Consumer concerns about foods and water 691
Food safety and food-borne illnesses 693
Environmental contaminants 702
Natural toxins in foods 705
Pesticides 705
Food additives 709
Consumer concerns about water 713
Chapter activities 717
HIGHLIGHT 19 Food biotechnology 719
Appendix A Cells, hormones and nerves 727
Appendix B Basic chemistry concepts 733
Appendix C Biochemical structures and pathways 742
Appendix D Measures of protein quality 760
Appendix E Nutrition assessment 763
Appendix F Physical activity and energy requirements 784
Appendix G Aids to calculation 787
Answers 789
Glossary 794
Index 814