Diversity in Organizations, Fourth Edition
By Myrtle P. Bell and Joy Leopold
Table of Contents:
Preface xiii
Part I
Introduction, Theoretical Background,
and Legislation 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 2
Terminology 5
Multiple Group Memberships, Intersectionality,
and Permeability of (Some) Boundaries 12
Changing Demographics and Changing Views:
The Stimulus for Diversity Studies ind Work 13
Diversity and Organizational Competitiveness 16
Cost 17
Human Resources Acquisition 19
Marketing 20
tivity and Problem Solving 21
System Flexibility 22
Other Areas where Diversity Can Be Advantageous 23
Moral and Social Reasons for Valuing Diversity 24
Organizational Difficulties Relating Diversity 26
The “Value in Diversity” Perspective versus
Negative Impacts of Diversity 27
Individual Benefits of Diversity 28
Diversity, Individual Outcomes, and Orga Effectiveness 29
Recommendations 31
Organization of the Book 33
Introduction and Overview 33
Population 34
Education 35
Employment, Unemployment, and Participation Rates 35
Types of Employment and Income Levels 37
Focal Issues 38
0 Increased
Individual and Organiza ional
Recommendations 39
Other Features 39
Determining “Diversity” in an International Context 40
Summary 41
Key Terms 41
Questions to Consider 42
Actions and Exercises 42
Chapter 2 Theoretical Background and Foundation 43
“4s “What Is a Minority Identifiability 46
Differential Power 47
Discrimination 47
Group Awareness 47
Analysis of the Characteristics
Categorization and Identity 48
Social Categorization and Stereotyping 49
sequences of Social Categorization ‘ocial Identity 50
Privilege: Normalizing and
Preserving Inequality 60
Aversive Racism, Ambivalent Sexism, and other New -isms 61
Discrimination Systems 63
“Diversity” and Non-Dominant Groups in Different Contexts 64
Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations 65
Summary 67
Key Terms 67
Questions to Consider 69
Actions and Exercises 69
Chapter 3 Legislation 70
Historical Background 72
Major Federal Acts Related to Diversity in Organizations 73
‘The Equal Pay Act of 1963 75
Title VII of the
Affirmative Action The Age Disc Act of 1967 92
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 93
EEOC Guidelines on Sexual Harassment (1980) 94
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 97
and Medical Leave Act of 1993 100
Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments
Acof t200 8 101
‘The Genetic Information Nondiscr
Act of 2008 102
The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 102
Relevant State, Local, and City Ordinances and Future Federal Acts 103
Diversity in the Judiciary and its Effects on Judicial Decisions 103
Summary 104
Key Terms 105
Questions to Consider 105
Actions and Exercises 106
Part Il Examining Specific Groups and Categories 107
Chapter 4 Blacks/African Americans 108
History of Blacks in the United States 110
Blacks in the Military 112
‘The Civil Rights Movement 113
Relevant Legislation 114
Population 116
Education, Employment, and Earnings 116
Education 116
Participation Rates and Employment 117
Earnings by Educational Attainment 120
Research on the Employment Experiences of African Americans 120
Access Discrimination 122
Treatment Discrimination 125
The Glass Ceiling and Walls 127
Negative Health Effects of Discrimination 128
Immigrant Blacks and Their Descendants and
Native-born Blacks—Similarities and Differences 131
African American Women at Work 133
Discrimination against Customers: Consumer Racial Profiling 135
Recommendations 137
Recommendations for African Americans 138
Recommendations for Organizational
Change 139
Consumer/Customer Service Recommendations 140
Summary 141
Key Terms 141
Questions to Consider 142
Actions and Exercises 142
Chapter 5 Latinos/Hispanics 144
History of Hispanics in the United States 146
Mexicans 146
Puerto Ricans 147
Cubans 148
Dominicans 150
Relevant Legislation 151
Population 151
Education, Employment, and Education 153
Employment 156
nal Experiences of Hispanics 158
Access and Treatment Discrimination 158
Hispanic Immigrants at Work 160
Latinos and African Americans at Work 163
Latinas at Work 164
Language Fluency and Bilingualism:
Issues for Diverse Organizations 167
English-Only Rules 169
Racial Profiling, Police Misconduct, and
Differential Judicial Treatment against Hispanics 171
Latinos as Customers 173
‘The Hispanic Market and Buying Power 173
Consumer Racial Profiling against Hispanic:
ndations for Individuals. 175
ndations for Organizations 175
Summary 177
Key Terms 177
Questions to Consider 177
Actions and Exercises 178
Chapter 6 Asians/Asian Americans 179
History of Asians in the United States 181
Asians and the Civil Rights Movement 184
Relevant Legi Selected EEOC Cases 187
Population 189
Education, Employment, and Earnings 190
Participation, Unemployment, and Occupations 191
Earnings 194
Racial Microaggressions 196
Asian American Consumers 197
Asian American Entrepreneurs 197
Research on Experiences of Asian Americans at Work 199
Asian American Women at Work 200
Asians and Name-Based Discrimination 202
Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations 203
Summary 204
Key Terms 205
Questions to consider 205
Actions and Exercise 205
Chapter 7 Whites/Anglo Americans 206
History of Whites in the United States 208
‘The Past Transiency and Current Meaning of “Race” for Whites 209
History of Whites as Anti-Racist Allies 215
Relevant Legislation 216
Race Discrimination against Whites 217
Discrimination against Whites in Favor of Hispanics 217
Termination of Whites for Refusing to
Comply with Discrimination against Minorities 218
Associational Discrimination 218
Population 219
Education, Earnings, and Employment 220
Research on Whites and Diversity 221
Similarities and Differences in the Exercise
of White Women and Men 221
White Ethnic Identity 223
“Quotas,” “Reverse Discrimination,” and Systemic Racism 224
Effects of Increasing Diversity on Dominant Group Members 227
Diversity and Socio-Economic Status for Whites 227
Recommendations for Individuals 229
Recommendations for Organizations 232
Summary 233
Key Terms 233
Questions to Consider 233
Exercises 234
periences
Chapter 8 Native Americans and Multi-Racial Group Members 235
History of American Indians in North America 237
Population 240
Education, Employment, and Earnings 242
Relevant Legislation (Native Americans) 243
Selected EEOC Cases Involving Native Americans 243
Research on American Indians at Work 245
American Indian and Alaska Native Women 245
Multi-Racial Group Members 247
Introduction and History 247
Blacks and Racial Determination 248
Population 250
Pew Research Center Multi-Racial Population and Identity Insights 251
Relevant Legislation (Multi-Racial Group Members) 252
Selected EEOC Cases 252
Amerasians 253
Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations 253
Native Americans and Alaska Natives 254
Multi-Racial Group Members 254
Summary 25
Key Terms 255
Questions to Consider 256
Actions and Exercise: 256
Chapter 9 Sex and Gender 257
Relevant Legislation 259
Population 261
Participation and Earnings 261
Participation Rates 263
Sex Segregation 263
Gender Role Sociali Sex Discrimination 271
Sexual Harassment 274
Sexual Harassment of Women 276
Sexual Harassment of Men 278
The Glass Ceiling and Other Glass 282
White Women and Women of Color 282
Unique Gender Issue Gender and Poverty 284
Negotiating Pay 284
Recommendations for Individuals and
Organizations 285
Breaking the Glass Boundaries 287
Summary 288
Key Terms 288
Questions to Consider 289
Actions and Exercises 290
Chapter 10 Work and Family 291
History of Work and Family 293
Relevant Legislation 294
Equal Pay Act and Title VII 294
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 295
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 298
Career Outcomes for Employees who Take Leaves of Absence 298
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 300
Population, Participation, and Education 300
Earnings 304
Part-Time Work and Earnings 305
Flexible Schedules 306
Unpredictability, Rigidity, and Instability of Scheduling 307
Flexible Schedules for Singles 308
Child-care Assistance and Employer Outcomes 308
Same-Sex Couples in Family Relationships 309
Men, Work, and Family 310
Beyond The Family: Society, Organizations, and Family Issues 311
Elder Care 313
Parenting Again: Grandparents Caring for
Grandchildren 314
Recommendations for Individuals 314
Recommendations for Organizations 315
Summary 316
Key Terms 317
Questions to Consider 317
Actions and Exercises 317
Chapter 11 Sexual Orientation and
Gender Identity 319
History of Gay Rights in the United States 324
Population 325
Demographics 326
Education and Socioeconomic Indicators 326
Earnings 327
Relevant Legislation 328
Research on Access and Treatment Discrimination
against Sexual Minorities 332
Organizational Policies and Benefits 333
Addressing Fears Of Contracting HIV/AIDS At Work 335
Determinants of Attitudes toward Gay Men and Lesbians 336
Codes of Silence or Out at Work? 337
Work and Family for Sexual Minority Employees 341
Recommendations for Individuals 342
Recommendations for Organizations 343
Summary 344
Key Terms 344
Questions to Consider 345
Actions and Exercises 345
Chapter 12 Religion 346
History of Religious Diversity in the United
States 348
Population, Diversity, and Variations among
Beliefs 348
Relevant Legislation 350
EEOC Guidelines on Religious Exercise and
Expression in the Federal Workplace 350
Claims and Selected Cases under Title VII 355
Exceptions to Title VII’s Religion Provisions 356
The Diversity among Arab Americans and Muslims in the United States 357
Racial Profiling 358
Religion as an Invisible Identity 358
Women’s Roles in Organized Religion 359
Collective Religiosity and the Wage Gap 361
Religion and Diversity in Sexual Orientation at Work 361
Conflicts between Religion and Sexual
Orientation: Two Cases with Different Outcomes 362
Resolving Conflicts 363
Recommendations for Individuals 365
Recommendations for Organizations 365
Summary 366
Key Terms 367
Questions to Consider 367
Actions and Exercises 367
Chapter 13 Age 368
Historical Background 370
Relevant Legislation for Older Workers 370
Selected EEOC Cases Involving Older Age Discrimination Claims 373
Legal Protections for Younger Workers 376
Population, Participation Rates, and Employment 377
An Intergenera Workforce 379
Research on Employment Experiences of older Workers 381
Age, Accidents, and Injuries at Work 382
Training and Development 382
Bridge Employment and Layoffs 383
Older Women at Work 385
Research on Employment Experiences of Younger Workers 388
Sexual Harassment of Teen Workers and the
EEOC’s Youth@Work Initiative 389
Long-Term Consequences of Harassment of Young Workers 391
Recommendations for Individuals 391
Recommendations for Organizations 392
Summary 394
Key Terms 394
Questions to Consider 394
Actions and Exercises 395
Chapter 14 Physical and Mental Ability 396
History 398
Relevant Legislation 400
Essential and Marginal Functions 402
Reasonable Accommodations 403
Medical Examinations 406
The Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act of 2008 406
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 406
Population, Education, and Employment 407
Employment Experiences of People with Disabilities 409
Intellectual Disabilities 410
Perceptions of Performance Inadequacies 412
When Employees Acquire a Disability 413
DuPont and the Employment of People with Disabilities 414
Customers with Disabilities 414
Recommendations for Individuals 416
Recommendations for Organizations 416
Changing Negative Attitudes at Work 417
Human Resources Needs 417
Accommodations 419
Summary 419
Key Terms 419
Questions to Consider 420
Actions and Exercises 420
Chapter 15 Weight and Appearance 421
Population 424
Education, Employment Levels, Types, and Income 426
Appearance 428
Effects of Attractiveness of Appearance on
Employment and Income 428
Legislation Relevant to Weight and Appearance 430
The ADA and Weight 431
State and Local Statutes Prohibiting Weight and
Appearance Discrimination 431
Should Size Discrimination Be Prohibited by Federal Law? 432
Effects of Weight on Health and on Costs to Employers 434
Is it the Fat, the Health, or the Stigma of Overweight? 43
Obesity Discrimination in Healthcare and
Customer Service Settings 437
Appearance: Cases and Legislation 437
Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations 441
Considerations for Employers: Weight 441
Considerations for Employees: Weight 442
Recommendations to Individuals and
Organizations for Minimizing Appearance Discrimination 443
mmary 444
Key Terms 444
Questions to Consider 444
Actions and Exercises 445
Part Ill
Global Diversity, Careers, and Moi Forward 446
Chapter 16 Global Diversity, Careers in
Diversity, and Moving Forward 447
Discrimination and Differential Treatment as
Worldwide Phenomena 450
Sex and Gender: The Status of Women Around the World 453
Populationa nd Participation Rates 454
Sexual Harassment, Segregation, Discrimination,
and Other Inequities 454
Wage Inequity and the Glass Ceiling 455
Focus: “Think Manager, Think Male”
Worldwide? 455
People with Disabilities 456
Legislation 456
Focus: Disabled People’s Workplace in England 4
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 457
Legislation Prohibiting Discrimination on the
Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 458
Focus: Research on Experiences of Sexual
Minorities in Australia, Belgium, and Canada 458
Careers in Diversity 458
DEI Positions 459
Doing Diversity Work, Differently 460
Careers Common Themes and Summary 468
Facing the Future: Recommendations for DEL Worldwide 468
Recommendations for Change at a Societal Level 469
Recommendations for Change at an Organizational Level 470
Experiences in the der Commitment to Diversity Organizations 470
Changes in Human Resources Practices. 471
Other Employment Considerations 474
Diversity for Service Providers 474
‘The Role of the Media 475
Recommendations for Change at an Individual Level 477
Summary 478
Key Terms 478
Questions to Consider 479
Actions and Exercises 479
Appendix (Diversity in Practice Mini-Cases)
Name Index 493
Subject Index 504