Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition
By Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh and Maren S. Hansen
Contents:
Chapter 1
Matter, Measurements,
and Calculations 2
1.1 What Is Matter? 3
1.2 Properties and Changes 4
1.3 A Model of Matter 7
1.4 Classifying Matter 9
1.5 Measurement Units 13
1.6 The Metric System 13
1.7 Large and Small Numbers 19
1.8 Significant Figures 23
1.9 Using Units in Calculations 28
1.10 Calculating Percentages 30
1.11 Density 32
Concept Summary 36
Key Terms and Concepts 37
Key Equations 37
Exercises 38
Additional Exercises 44
Chemistry for Thought 44
Health Career Focus 2
Environmental Connections 1.1 A Central
Science 5
Healt h Connections 1.1 Effects of Temperature on
Body Functions 19
Study tools 1.1 Help with Calculations 32
Healt h Connections 1.2 Choose Wisely for Health
Information 34
Health Career Description 35
Chapter 2
Atoms and Molecules 46
2.1 Symbols and Formulas 47
2.2 Inside the Atom 49
2.3 Isotopes 51
2.4 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules 52
2.5 Isotopes and Atomic Weights 55
2.6 Avogadro’s Number: The Mole 57
2.7 The Mole and Chemical Formulas 61
Concept Summary 64
Key Terms and Concepts 65
Exercises 65
Additional Exercises 68
Chemistry for Thought 68
Environmental Career Focus 46
Healt h Connections 2.1 Uprooting Herbal
Myths 53
Healt h Connections 2.2 Take Care of Your
Bones 54
Study tools 2.1 Help with Mole Calculations 63
Environmental Career Description 64
Chapter 3
Electronic Structure and
the Periodic Law 70
3.1 The Periodic Law and Table 71
3.2 Electronic Arrangements in Atoms 73
3.3 The Shell Model and Chemical Properties 76
3.4 Electronic Configurations 78
3.5 Another Look at the Periodic Table 82
3.6 Property Trends within the Periodic Table 86
Concept Summary 91
Key Terms and Concepts 92
Exercises 92
Additional Exercises 95
Chemistry for Thought 95
Health Career Focus 70
Healt h Connections 3.1 Watch the Salt 74
Study tools 3.1 The Convention Hotels Analogy 81
Healt h Connections 3.2 Zinc for Colds? 85
Health Career Description 91
Chapter 4
Forces between Particles 96
4.1 Noble Gas Configurations 97
4.2 Ionic Bonding 99
4.3 Ionic Compounds 101
4.4 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds 104
4.5 The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds 106
4.6 Covalent Bonding 107
4.7 Polyatomic Ions 111
4.8 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions 114
4.9 The Polarity of Covalent Molecules 118
4.10 More about Naming Compounds 122
4.11 Other Interparticle Forces 125
Concept Summary 130
Key Terms and Concepts 131
Exercises 132
Additional Exercises 136
Chemistry for Thought 136
Health Career Focus 96
Healt h Connections 4.1 Consider the
Mediterranean Diet 103
Healt h Connections 4.2 Are All Iron Preparations
Created Equal? 119
Study tools 4.1 Help with Polar and Nonpolar
Molecules 123
Environmental Connections 4.1 Ozone: Good
Up High, Bad Nearby 127
Health Career Description 130
Chapter 5
Chemical Reactions 138
5.1 Chemical Equations 139
5.2 Types of Reactions 141
5.3 Redox Reactions 141
5.4 Decomposition Reactions 145
5.5 Combination Reactions 146
5.6 Replacement Reactions 146
5.7 Ionic Equations 148
5.8 Energy and Reactions 150
5.9 The Mole and Chemical Equations 150
5.10 The Limiting Reactant 153
5.11 Reaction Yields 155
Concept Summary 157
Key Terms and Concepts 158
Key Equations 158
Exercises 159
Additional Exercises 163
Chemistry for Thought 163
Health Career Focus 138
Healt h Connections 5.1 Add Color to Your Diet 150
Healt h Connections 5.2 Teeth Whitening 152
Study tools 5.1 Help with Oxidation Numbers 156
Health Career Description 157
Chapter 6
The States of Matter 164
6.1 Observed Properties of Matter 166
6.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 168
6.3 The Solid State 169
6.4 The Liquid State 170
6.5 The Gaseous State 170
6.6 The Gas Laws 171
6.7 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume
Relationships 174
6.8 The Ideal Gas Law 178
6.9 Dalton’s Law 180
6.10 Graham’s Law 181
6.11 Changes in State 182
6.12 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure 183
6.13 Boiling and the Boiling Point 184
6.14 Sublimation and Melting 185
6.15 Energy and the States of Matter 186
Concept Summary 190
Key Terms and Concepts 192
Key Equations 192
Exercises 193
Additional Exercises 197
Chemistry for Thought 197
Environmental Career Focus 164
Healt h Connections 6.1 Get an Accurate Blood
Pressure Reading 174
Healt h Connections 6.2 Therapeutic Uses of
Oxygen Gas 187
Study tools 6.1 Which Gas Law to Use 189
Environmental Career Description 190
Chapter 7
Solutions and Colloids 198
7.1 Physical States of Solutions 199
7.2 Solubility 200
7.3 The Solution Process 204
7.4 Solution Concentrations 208
7.5 Solution Preparation 212
7.6 Solution Stoichiometry 216
7.7 Solution Properties 218
7.8 Colloids 223
7.9 Dialysis 226
Concept Summary 228
Key Terms and Concepts 229
Key Equations 229
Exercises 230
Additional Exercises 234
Chemistry for Thought 235
Health Career Focus 198
Healt h Connections 7.1 Stay Hydrated 210
Study tools 7.1 Getting Started with Molarity
Calculations 210
Healt h Connections 7.2 Juices and Sports
Drinks 225
Environmental Connections 7.1 CO2
Emissions: A Blanket Around the Earth 227
Health Career Description 227
Chapter 8
Reaction Rates
and Equilibrium 236
8.1 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous
Processes 237
8.2 Reaction Rates 239
8.3 Molecular Collisions 240
8.4 Energy Diagrams 242
8.5 Factors That Influence Reaction Rates 243
8.6 Chemical Equilibrium 246
8.7 The Position of Equilibrium 247
8.8 Factors That Influence Equilibrium
Position 250
Concept Summary 253
Key Terms and Concepts 253
Key Equations 254
Exercises 254
Additional Exercises 258
Chemistry for Thought 258
Health Career Focus 236
Healt h Connections 8.1 Energy Drinks 241
Healt h Connections 8.2 Use Your Phone to Help
You Stay Healthy 246
Study tools 8.1 Le Châtelier’s Principle in Everyday
Life 252
Health Career Description 252
Chapter 9
Acids, Bases, and Salts 260
9.1 The Arrhenius Theory 261
9.2 The Brønsted Theory 261
9.3 Naming Acids 263
9.4 The Self-Ionization of Water 265
9.5 The pH Concept 267
9.6 Properties of Acids 271
9.7 Properties of Bases 275
9.8 Salts 276
9.9 The Strengths of Acids and Bases 281
9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases 285
9.11 Titration Calculations 287
9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts 288
9.13 Buffers 289
Concept Summary 293
Key Terms and Concepts 294
Key Equations 294
Exercises 295
Additional Exercises 302
Chemistry for Thought 302
Health Career Focus 260
Environmental Connections 9.1 Carbon
Dioxide in the Oceans 263
Study tools 9.1 Writing Reactions of Acids 276
Healt h Connections 9.1 Heartburn Alert 284
Health Career Description 292
Chapter 10
Radioactivity and Nuclear
Processes 304
10.1 Radioactive Nuclei 305
10.2 Equations for Nuclear Reactions 306
10.3 Isotope Half-Life 309
10.4 The Health Effects of Radiation 311
10.5 Measurement Units for Radiation 313
10.6 Medical Uses of Radioisotopes 315
10.7 Nonmedical Uses of Radioisotopes 317
10.8 Induced Nuclear Reactions 318
10.9 Nuclear Energy 321
Concept Summary 325
Key Terms and Concepts 326
Key Equations 327
Exercises 327
Additional Exercises 329
Chemistry for Thought 329
Health Career Focus 304
Healt h Connections 10.1 Diagnostic
Radiation 314
Healt h Connections 10.2 Check the Radon Level
in Your Home 318
Health Career Description 325
Chapter 11
Organic Compounds: Alkanes 330
11.1 Carbon: The Element of Organic
Compounds 331
11.2 Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Compared 332
11.3 Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism 334
11.4 Functional Groups: The Organization
of Organic Chemistry 336
11.5 Alkane Structures 339
11.6 Conformations of Alkanes 343
11.7 Alkane Nomenclature 345
11.8 Cycloalkanes 352
11.9 The Shape of Cycloalkanes 354
11.10 Physical Properties of Alkanes 357
11.11 Alkane Reactions 359
Concept Summary 362
Key Terms and Concepts 363
Key Equations 363
Exercises 363
Additional Exercises 371
Chemistry for Thought 371
Environmental Career Focus 330
Study TOOLS 11.1 Changing Gears for Organic
Chemistry 334
Healt h Connections 11.1 Is Organic Food Worth
the Price? 340
Healt h Connections 11.2 Take Care of Dry
Skin 357
Environmental Connections 11.1 Reducing
Your Carbon Footprint 359
Environmental Career Description 361
Chapter 12
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 372
12.1 The Nomenclature of Alkenes 374
12.2 The Geometry of Alkenes 376
12.3 Properties of Alkenes 380
12.4 Addition Polymers 386
12.5 Alkynes 390
12.6 Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene
Structure 391
12.7 The Nomenclature of Benzene
Derivatives 393
12.8 Properties and Uses of Aromatic
Compounds 396
Concept Summary 398
Key Terms and Concepts 399
Key Equations 399
Exercises 400
Additional Exercises 406
Chemistry for Thought 406
Health Career Focus 372
Healt h Connections 12.1 Three-Dimensional
Printers 378
Study tools 12.1 Keeping a Reaction Card File 385
Study tools 12.2 A Reaction Map for Alkenes 388
Healt h Connections 12.2 Think before Getting
Brown 395
Health Career Description 398
Chapter 13
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 408
13.1 The Nomenclature of Alcohols
and Phenols 410
13.2 Classification of Alcohols 412
13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols 413
13.4 Reactions of Alcohols 415
13.5 Important Alcohols 422
13.6 Characteristics and Uses of Phenols 425
13.7 Ethers 428
13.8 Properties of Ethers 429
13.9 Thiols 430
13.10 Polyfunctional Compounds 433
Concept Summary 435
Key Terms and Concepts 436
Key Reactions 436
Exercises 437
Additional Exercises 444
Chemistry for Thought 444
Health Career Focus 408
Study TOOLS 13.1 A Reaction Map for Alcohols 423
Healt h Connections 13.1 Alcohol and
Antidepressants Don’t Mix 424
Healt h Connections 13.2 Take Advantage of Hand
Sanitizers 427
Healt h Connections 13.3 General
Anesthetics 430
Health Career Description 434
Chapter 14
Aldehydes and Ketones 446
14.1 The Nomenclature of Aldehydes
and Ketones 447
14.2 Physical Properties 450
14.3 Chemical Properties 452
14.4 Important Aldehydes and Ketones 464
Concept Summary 466
Key Terms and Concepts 467
Key Equations 467
Exercises 468
Additional Exercises 476
Chemistry for Thought 476
Health Career Focus 446
Healt h Connections 14.1 Faking a Tan 451
Study tools 14.1 A Reaction Map for Aldehydes
and Ketones 460
Healt h Connections 14.2 Vanilloids: Hot Relief
from Pain 463
Health Career Description 465
Chapter 15
Carboxylic Acids and
Esters 478
15.1 The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 479
15.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 481
15.3 The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids 483
15.4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids 485
15.5 Carboxylic Esters 487
15.6 The Nomenclature of Esters 492
15.7 Reactions of Esters 493
15.8 Esters of Inorganic Acids 497
Concept Summary 499
Key Terms and Concepts 500
Key Equations 500
Exercises 501
Additional Exercises 507
Chemistry for Thought 507
Health Career Focus 478
Environmental Connections 15.1 Plastics:
Cleanup Time 489
Healt h Connections 15.1 Consider Low-Dose
Aspirin 495
Study tools 15.1 A Reaction Map for Carboxylic
Acids 496
Healt h Connections 15.2 Nitroglycerin in Dynamite
and in Medicine 498
Health Career Description 499
Chapter 16
Amines and Amides 510
16.1 Classification of Amines 511
16.2 The Nomenclature of Amines 512
16.3 Physical Properties of Amines 514
16.4 Chemical Properties of Amines 515
16.5 Amines as Neurotransmitters 522
16.6 Other Biologically Important Amines 525
16.7 The Nomenclature of Amides 528
16.8 Physical Properties of Amides 530
16.9 Chemical Properties of Amides 532
Concept Summary 535
Key Terms and Concepts 536
Key Equations 536
Exercises 536
Additional Exercises 543
Chemistry for Thought 543
Health Career Focus 510
Healt h Connections 16.1 Aspirin Substitutes 522
Study tools 16.1 A Reaction Map for
Amines 525
Healt h Connections 16.2 Try a Little
Chocolate 528
Health Career Description 534
Chapter 17
Carbohydrates 546
17.1 Classes of Carbohydrates 547
17.2 The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates 548
17.3 Fischer Projections 552
17.4 Monosaccharides 556
17.5 Properties of Monosaccharides 557
17.6 Important Monosaccharides 563
17.7 Disaccharides 564
17.8 Polysaccharides 568
Concept Summary 572
Key Terms and Concepts 573
Key Equations 573
Exercises 574
Additional Exercises 579
Chemistry for Thought 579
Health Career Focus 546
Healt h Connections 17.1 Sugar-Free Foods and
Diabetes 561
Study tools 17.1 Biomolecules: A New Focus 565
Healt h Connections 17.2 Put Fiber into Snacks
and Meals 571
Health Career Description 572
Chapter 18
Lipids 582
18.1 Classification of Lipids 583
18.2 Fatty Acids 584
18.3 The Structure of Fats and Oils 588
18.4 Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils 589
18.5 Waxes 594
18.6 Phosphoglycerides 594
18.7 Sphingolipids 597
18.8 Biological Membranes 600
18.9 Steroids 602
18.10 Steroid Hormones 604
18.11 Prostaglandins 606
Concept Summary 608
Key Terms and Concepts 609
Key Equations 609
Exercises 610
Additional Exercises 613
Chemistry for Thought 613
Health Career Focus 582
Study tools 18.1 A Reaction Map for
Triglycerides 594
Healt h Connections 18.1 Consider
Olive Oil 606
Health Career Description 607
Chapter 19
Proteins 614
19.1 The Amino Acids 615
19.2 Zwitterions 618
19.3 Reactions of Amino Acids 620
19.4 Important Peptides 624
19.5 Characteristics of Proteins 625
19.6 The Primary Structure of Proteins 628
19.7 The Secondary Structure of Proteins 629
19.8 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins 632
19.9 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins 634
19.10 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation 636
Concept Summary 638
Key Terms and Concepts 639
Key Equations 640
Exercises 641
Additional Exercises 644
Chemistry for Thought 644
Health Career Focus 614
Healt h Connections 19.1 Higher-Protein Diet 621
Healt h Connections 19.2 A Milk Primer 632
Study tools 19.1 Visualizing Protein Structure 636
Health Career Description 638
Chapter 20
Enzymes 646
20.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes 647
20.2 Enzyme Nomenclature and
Classification 648
20.3 Enzyme Cofactors 650
20.4 The Mechanism of Enzyme Action 651
20.5 Enzyme Activity 652
20.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 653
20.7 Enzyme Inhibition 655
20.8 The Regulation of Enzyme Activity 660
20.9 Medical Application of Enzymes 663
Concept Summary 665
Key Terms and Concepts 666
Key Equations 666
Exercises 666
Additional Exercises 670
Chemistry for Thought 670
Health Career Focus 646
Healt h Connections 20.1 Cut Back on Processed
Meat 650
Healt h Connections 20.2 No Milk, Please 658
Study tools 20.1 A Summary Chart of Enzyme
Inhibitors 662
Health Career Description 665
Chapter 21
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 672
21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids 673
21.2 The Structure of DNA 676
21.3 DNA Replication 680
21.4 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 684
21.5 The Flow of Genetic Information 687
21.6 Transcription: RNA Synthesis 688
21.7 The Genetic Code 690
21.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis 693
21.9 Mutations 695
21.10 Recombinant DNA 696
Concept Summary 700
Key Terms and Concepts 701
Exercises 701
Additional Exercises 704
Chemistry for Thought 705
Environmental Career Focus 672
Healt h Connections 21.1 Is There a DNA Checkup
in Your Future? 690
Study tools 21.1 Remembering Key Words 692
Healt h Connections 21.2 Gene Editing and Your Health 697
Environmental Career Description 699
Chapter 22
Nutrition and Energy for Life 706
22.1 Nutritional Requirements 707
22.2 The Macronutrients 709
22.3 Micronutrients I: Vitamins 712
22.4 Micronutrients II: Minerals 714
22.5 The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere 716
22.6 Metabolism and an Overview
of Energy Production 718
22.7 ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier 720
22.8 Important Coenzymes in the Common
Catabolic Pathway 724
Concept Summary 730
Key Terms and Concepts 731
Key Equations 731
Exercises 732
Additional Exercises 735
Chemistry for Thought 735
Health Career Focus 706
Healt h Connections 22.1 Select a Heart-Healthful Diet 714
Study Tools 22.1 Bioprocesses 722
Healt h Connections 22.2 Fiber Supplements? 728
Health Career Description 730
Chapter 23
Carbohydrate Metabolism 736
23.1 The Digestion of Carbohydrates 737
23.2 Blood Glucose 737
23.3 Glycolysis 738
23.4 The Fates of Pyruvate 741
23.5 The Citric Acid Cycle 743
23.6 The Electron Transport Chain 746
23.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation 747
23.8 The Complete Oxidation of Glucose 749
23.9 Glycogen Metabolism 751
23.10 Gluconeogenesis 753
23.11 The Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate
Metabolism 754
Concept Summary 755
Key Terms and Concepts 757
Key Equations 757
Exercises 758
Additional Exercises 761
Chemistry for Thought 761
Health Career Focus 736
Health Connections 23.1 How Can We Avoid
Energy Crashes? 740
Healt h Connections 23.2 Lactate
Accumulation 745
Study tools 23.1 Key Numbers for ATP
Calculations 752
Health Career Description 755
Chapter 24
Lipid and Amino
Acid Metabolism 762
24.1 Blood Lipids 763
24.2 Fat Mobilization 766
24.3 Glycerol Metabolism 767
24.4 The Oxidation of Fatty Acids 767
24.5 The Energy from Fatty Acids 770
24.6 Ketone Bodies 771
24.7 Fatty Acid Synthesis 773
24.8 Amino Acid Metabolism 774
24.9 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate
of the Nitrogen Atoms 776
24.10 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate
of the Carbon Skeleton 780
24.11 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 783
Concept Summary 785
Key Terms and Concepts 786
Key Equations 786
Exercises 787
Additional Exercises 789
Chemistry for Thought 790
Health Career Focus 762
Healt h Connections 24.1 Are Certain Foods Better
for the Brain? 765
Study tools 24.1 Key Numbers for ATP
Calculations 773
Healt h Connections 24.2 Phenylketonuria
(PKU) 781
Healt h Connections 24.3 Phenylalanine and Diet
Foods 782
Health Career Description 784
Chapter 25
Body Fluids 792
25.1 A Comparison of Body Fluids 793
25.2 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport 794
25.3 Chemical Transport to the Cells 797
25.4 The Constituents of Urine 798
25.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 799
25.6 Acid–Base Balance 801
25.7 Buffer Control of Blood pH 801
25.8 Respiratory Control of Blood pH 802
25.9 Urinary Control of Blood pH 802
25.10 Acidosis and Alkalosis 803
Concept Summary 806
Key Terms and Concepts 808
Key Equations 808
Exercises 808
Additional Exercises 810
Chemistry for Thought 810
Health Career Focus 792
Health Connections 25.1 Pulse Oximetry 800
Health Career Description 806
Appendix A The International System
of Measurements A-1
Appendix B Answers to Even-Numbered
End-of-Chapter Exercises B-1
Appendix C Solutions to Learning Checks C-1
Glossary G-1
Index I-1