Understanding Human Sexuality, Fifteenth Edition
By Janet Shibley Hyde
Contents:
Preface xvii
CHAPTER 1
Sexuality in Perspective 1
Sex and Gender 2
The History of Understanding Sexuality:
Religion and Science 3
Religion • Science
The Media 6
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Sexuality 7
Variations in Sexual Techniques •
Masturbation • Premarital and Extramarital
Sex • Sex with Same-Gender Partners •
Standards of Attractiveness • Social-Class and
Ethnic-Group Variations in the United States •
The Significance of Cross-Cultural Studies
A Sexually Diverse World: Sexuality in Two Societies 9
A Sexually Diverse World: The Psychology of Racism in
the United States 13
A Sexually Diverse World: Sex in China 16
Cross-Species Perspectives on Sexuality 19
Masturbation • Same-Gender Sexual Behavior •
Sexual Signaling • Human Uniqueness •
The Nonsexual Uses of Sexual Behavior
The Sexual Health Perspective 21
Critical Thinking Skill 22
Summary 23
Suggestions for Further Reading 23
CHAPTER 2
Theoretical Perspectives on Sexuality 24
Evolutionary Theories 25
Sociobiology • Evolutionary Psychology •
Gender-Neutral Evolutionary Theory
Psychological Theories 28
Psychoanalytic Theory • Learning Theory •
Social Exchange Theory • Cognitive Theories
A Sexually Diverse World: Learning Theory and Sexual
Orientation in a Non-Western Society 34
Critical Theories 36
Feminist Theory • Queer Theory • Critical
Race Theory
Sociological Perspectives 38
Symbolic Interaction Theory • Sexual
Scripts • Social Institutions
Critical Thinking Skill 41
Summary 42
Suggestions for Further Reading 42
CHAPTER 3
Sex Research 43
Measuring Sex 44
Self-Reports • Behavioral Measures • Implicit
Measures • Biological Measures
Milestones in Sex Research: Masters and Johnson: The
Physiology of Sexual Response 46
Issues in Sex Research 47
Sampling • Accuracy of
Measurement • Extraneous Factors • EthicalIssues
The Major Sex Surveys 52
The Kinsey Report • The NHSLS • The
NSSHB • Sexual Behavior in Britain and
Australia • Race/Ethnicity in Research
Milestones in Sex Research: Alfred C. Kinsey 53
Studies of Special Populations 56
Milestones in Sex Research: Diversity Science 57
Web-Based Surveys 58
Media Content Analysis 59
Qualitative Methods 60
Experiments 61
Meta-Analysis 62
Statistical Concepts 63
Average • Variability • Average
versus Normal • Prevalence and
Frequency • Correlation
Critical Thinking Skill 65
Critical Thinking Skill 66
Summary 66
Suggestions for Further Reading 67
CHAPTER 4
Sexual Anatomy 68
Sex Organs in Female Bodies 69
A Sexually Diverse World: Female Genital Cutting 73
Internal Organs • The Breasts
Sex Organs in Male Bodies 78
External Organs • Internal Organs
Cancer of the Sex Organs 83
Breast Cancer • Cancer of the Cervix,
Endometrium, and Ovaries • Cancer of the
Prostate • Cancer of the Testes
First Person: Testicular Examination 86
Critical Thinking Skill 87
Summary 88
Suggestions for Further Reading 88
CHAPTER 5
Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation,
and the Menstrual Cycle 89
Sex Hormones 90
Sex Hormone Systems in Male Bodies • Sex
Hormone Systems in Female Bodies
Prenatal Sexual Differentiation 93
Sex Chromosomes • Gonads • Prenatal
Hormones and the Genitals • Descent
of the Testes and Ovaries • Brain
Differentiation • Homologous
Organs • Atypical Prenatal Gender
Differentiation
Milestones in Sex Research: Endocrine Disrupters 95
Sexual Differentiation during Puberty 99
Changes in Girls
A Sexually Diverse World: The Debate over the
Treatment of Intersex Individuals 100
Changes in Boys • Changes in Behavior
The Menstrual Cycle 104
Biology of the Menstrual Cycle • Menstrual
Problems • Psychological Aspects of the
Menstrual Cycle • Cycles in Men
Critical Thinking Skill 112
Summary 112
Suggestions for Further Reading 113
CHAPTER 6
Pregnancy and Childbirth 114
Conception 115
Sperm Meets Egg: The Incredible
Journey • Improving the Chances of Conception:
Making a Baby
Development of the Conceptus 117
The Embryo and Its Support Systems • Fetal
Development
Pregnancy 120
The Stages of Pregnancy
A Sexually Diverse World: Race and Racism in
Pregnancy and Infant Mortality in the United
States 123
Sex during Pregnancy • Nutrition during
Pregnancy • Effects of Substances Taken during
Pregnancy
Birth 127
The Beginning of Labor • The
Stages of Labor • Cesarean Section
(C-Section) • Childbirth Options
After the Baby Is Born: The Postpartum Period 131
Physical Changes • Psychological
Changes • Attachment to the Baby • Sex Postpartum
Breast-Feeding 132
Biological Mechanisms • Physical and Mental
Health Problem Pregnancies 134
Ectopic Pregnancy • Pseudocyesis
(False Pregnancy) • Pregnancy-Induced
Hypertension • Birth Defects • Rh
Incompatibility • Miscarriage (Spontaneous
Abortion) • Preterm Birth Infertility 137
Causes of Infertility • Psychological Aspects of
Infertility • Treatment of Infertility
Assisted Reproductive Technologies 138
Artificial Insemination • Sperm Banks • Test-
Tube Babies • Embryo Transfer • GIFT and
ZIFT • Gender Selection • Prenatal Genetic
Diagnosis Critical Thinking Skill 141
Summary 142
Suggestions for Further Reading 143
CHAPTER 7
Contraception and Abortion 144
Hormonal Methods 145
The Combination Pill • Other Kinds of Pills •
The Patch • The Vaginal Ring • Depo-Provera
Injections (“The Shot”) • Emergency Contraception
First Person: Margaret Sanger—Birth Control
Pioneer 149
LARC 152
Implants Condoms 153
The Male Condom • The Female Condom
Diaphragms, FemCap, and the Sponge 156
The Diaphragm • FemCap • The Sponge
Spermicides 158
Withdrawal 160
Fertility Awareness (Rhythm) Methods 160
Sterilization 162
Male Sterilization • Female Sterilization
Psychological Aspects: Attitudes toward
Contraception 164
Milestones in Sex Research: History of the Development
of Sophisticated Methods of Contraception 165
Abortion 166
Abortion Procedures • Psychological
Aspects • Men and Abortion
A Sexually Diverse World: Abortion in
Cross-Cultural Perspective 168
New Advances in Contraception 170
Male Methods • Female Methods
Critical Thinking Skill 172
Summary 173
Suggestions for Further Reading 173
CHAPTER 8
Sexual Arousal 174
The Sexual Response Cycle 175
Excitement • Orgasm • Resolution • More
on Women’s Orgasms
Other Models of Sexual Response 180
Kaplan’s Triphasic Model • The Sexual
Excitation-Inhibition Model • Emotion and
Arousal
First Person: William Masters and Virginia
Johnson 181
Neural and Hormonal Bases of
Arousal 184
The Brain, the Spinal Cord, and Sex • Brain
Control of Sexual Response • Hormones
and Sex • Sex Offenders—Castration or
Incarceration?
A Sexually Diverse World: Sexuality and
Disability 186
Milestones in Sex Research: Mapping the Sexual
Brain 189
Pheromones 193
Sexual Techniques 194
Erogenous Zones • One-Person Sex • Two-
Person Sex • Aphrodisiacs • Sexual
Satisfaction
First Person: The Protestant Ethic:
Sex as Work 204
First Person: A Personal Growth Exercise—Getting to
Know Your Own Body 205
Critical Thinking Skill 206
Summary 206
Suggestions for Further Reading 207
CHAPTER 9
Sexuality and the Life Cycle:
Childhood and Adolescence 208
Data Sources 209
Infancy and the Preschool Years (Birth to 4
Years) 210
Attachment • Self-Stimulation • Child–Child
Encounters • Sexual Knowledge and
Interests • Knowledge about Gender
Childhood (5 to 11 Years) 212
Masturbation • Heterosexual
Behavior • Same-Gender Sexual
Behavior • Sex Knowledge and Interests • The
Sexualization of Children
Adolescence (12 to 18 Years) 214
Masturbation • Same-Gender Sexual
Behavior • Heterosexual Behavior • Too Early
Sex • Romantic Relationships • Internet
Use, Risk, and Sexting • Risky Sex and the
Adolescent Brain
Milestones in Sex Research: The Impact of the Media
on Adolescent Sexuality 216
Milestones in Sex Research: Teen Pregnancy and
Parenthood 221
The College Years 223
Masturbation • Patterns of Heterosexual
Behavior • Casual Sex • Same-Gender Sexual
Behavior
How Sexuality Aids in Development 225
Critical Thinking Skill 226
Summary 226
Suggestions for Further Reading 227
CHAPTER 10
Sexuality and the Life Cycle:
Adulthood 228
Sex and the Single Person 229
The Never Married • Being Single • Incels
Cohabitation 232
Marital Relationships 232
Marital Sexuality • Sexual Patterns
in Marriage • Sex and the Two-Career
Family • Cheating
Nonmonogamous Relationships 237
How Many People Engage in Extramarital
Sex? • Influences on Extramarital
Sex • Attitudes toward Extramarital
Sex • Internet Infidelity • Equity and
Extramarital Sex • Open Nonmonogamous
Relationships • Consequences of
Nonmonogamous Relationships
Postmarital Sex 242
Sex in Later Life 243
Physical Changes in Women • Physical
Changes in Men • Attitudes about Sex and the
Elderly • Sexual Behavior
A Sexually Diverse World: Culture and
Conceptualizations of Late Adulthood 245
Critical Thinking Skill 249
Summary 249
Suggestions for Further Reading 250
CHAPTER 11
Attraction, Love, and
Communication 251
Attraction 252
The Girl Next Door • Birds of a Feather •
Physical Attractiveness • The Interpersonal
Marketplace • Attraction Online • Explaining
Our Preferences
Intimacy 256
Defining Intimacy • Intimacy and Self-
Disclosure • Measuring Intimacy
Love 258
Triangular Theory of Love • Attachment Theory
of Love • Love Styles
Milestones in Sex Research: Jealousy 261
Passionate and Companionate Love • The
Biology of Love • Measuring Love • Two-
Component Theory of Love • Cross-Cultural
Research • The Far Reach of the Internet and
Western Values
Communication 266
Communication and Relationships • Techniques
of Good Communication • Fighting Fair •
Checking Out Sexy Signals • Relationship
Education
CHAPTER 9
Sexuality and the Life Cycle:
Childhood and Adolescence 208
Data Sources 209
Infancy and the Preschool Years (Birth to 4
Years) 210
Attachment • Self-Stimulation • Child–Child
Encounters • Sexual Knowledge and
Interests • Knowledge about Gender
Childhood (5 to 11 Years) 212
Masturbation • Heterosexual
Behavior • Same-Gender Sexual
Behavior • Sex Knowledge and Interests • The
Sexualization of Children
Adolescence (12 to 18 Years) 214
Masturbation • Same-Gender Sexual
Behavior • Heterosexual Behavior • Too Early
Sex • Romantic Relationships • Internet
Use, Risk, and Sexting • Risky Sex and the
Adolescent Brain
Milestones in Sex Research: The Impact of the Media
on Adolescent Sexuality 216
Milestones in Sex Research: Teen Pregnancy and
Parenthood 221
The College Years 223
Masturbation • Patterns of Heterosexual
Behavior • Casual Sex • Same-Gender Sexual
Behavior
How Sexuality Aids in Development 225
Critical Thinking Skill 226
Summary 226
Suggestions for Further Reading 227
CHAPTER 10
Sexuality and the Life Cycle:
Adulthood 228
Sex and the Single Person 229
The Never Married • Being Single • Incels
Cohabitation 232
Marital Relationships 232
Marital Sexuality • Sexual Patterns
in Marriage • Sex and the Two-Career
Family • Cheating
A Sexually Diverse World: Gender Differences in
Communication 270
First Person: How Solid Is Your Relationship? 273
Critical Thinking Skill 275
Summary 275
Suggestions for Further Reading 276
CHAPTER 12
Gender and Sexuality 277
Gender Roles and Stereotypes 278
Gender Roles and Race/Ethnicity • Socialization
Psychological Gender Differences 283
Gender Differences in Sexuality 283
Masturbation • Attitudes about Casual
Sex • Use of Pornography • Arousal to
Erotica • The Orgasm Gap • Sex Drive
Why the Differences? 286
Are the Differences Bogus? • Biological
Factors • Cultural Factors • Other Factors
A Sexually Diverse World: Male Sexuality 288
Beyond the Young Adults 290
Transgender Issues and Experience 290
Diagnosis Issues • The Experiences
of Trans People • Reducing Prejudice
and Discrimination against Trans
People • Transgender Development • Sexuality
for Trans People • Trans Health and Mental
Health • Social, Medical, and Surgical
Transition Processes • Affirmative Psychotherapy
with Transgender Individuals • What Causes
Gender Variation?
Milestones in Sex Research: Measuring Discrimination
against Trans People 293
Critical Thinking Skill 298
Summary 298
Suggestions for Further Reading 299
CHAPTER 13
Sexual Orientation: Gay,
Straight, or Bi? 300
Attitudes toward Gays and Lesbians 301
Attitudes • Gays and Lesbians as a
Minority group
Life Experiences of LGBs 305
LGB Development • Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual
Culture and Communities • Gay and Lesbian
Relationships • Lesbian and Gay Families
Milestones in Sex Research: The Ethics of Sex
Research: The Tearoom Trade 309
How Many People Are Gay, Straight, or
Bi? 309
Sexual Orientation and Mental Health 311
Sin and the Medical Model • Research
Evidence • Can Sexual Orientation Be Changed
by Therapy?
A Sexually Diverse World: Race and the Well-Being of
LGBT People in the United States 312
Why Do People Become Gay or
Heterosexual? 314
Biological Theories • Learning Theory •
Sociological Theory • The Bottom Line
Differences between Gay Men and
Lesbians 317
Sexual Orientation in Multicultural
Perspective 318
A Sexually Diverse World: Ritualized Homosexuality in
Melanesia 319
Bisexuality 320
Stereotypes and Prejudice • Bisexual
Development • Mostly Heterosexuals •
Pansexuals • Concluding Reflections
First Person: Sexual Fluidity and Questioning 321
Critical Thinking Skill 323
Summary 324
Suggestions for Further Reading 325
CHAPTER 14
Variations in Sexual Behavior 326
When Is Sexual Behavior Abnormal? 327
Defining Abnormal • The Normal–Abnormal
Continuum
Fetishism 328
Why Do People Develop Fetishes?
First Person: A Case History of a Shoe Fetishist 329
Cross-Dressing 330
Drag • Female Impersonators • Transvestites
Sadism and Masochism 331
Definitions • Sadomasochistic Behavior
Milestones in Sex Research: Sexual Addictions? 332
Bondage and Discipline • Dominance and
Submission • Causes of BDSM • Race,
Racism, and BDSM
Voyeurism and Exhibitionism 335
Voyeurism • Exhibitionism
Hypersexuality and Asexuality 337
Hypersexuality • Asexuality
Cybersex Use and Abuse 339
Other Sexual Variations 340
Prevention of Sexual Variations 341
Treatment of Sexual Variations 342
Medical Treatments • Cognitive Behavioral
Therapies • Skills Training • AA-Type 12-Step
Programs • What Works?
Critical Thinking Skill 345
Summary 346
Suggestions for Further Reading 347
CHAPTER 15
Sexual Coercion 348
Rape 349
The Impact of Rape • Date Rape • Marital
Rape • Causes of Rape • The Role of Alcohol
in Sexual Assault • Rapists • Men as Victims of
Rape • Trans People as Victims • Prison Rape •
Race/Ethnicity and Rape • Preventing Rape
First Person: A Date-Rape Victim Tells Her Story 350
First Person: How Can Friends and Family
Help a Rape Survivor? 352
Milestones in Sex Research: Fraternity Gang
Rape 355
A Sexually Diverse World: Sexual Violence in Native
America 359
Child Sexual Abuse 361
Patterns of Child Sexual Abuse • Impact on the
Victim • The Offenders
Sexual Harassment 364
Sexual Harassment at Work • Sexual
Harassment in Education: An A for a
Lay • Doctor–Patient Sex
Critical Thinking Skill 368
Summary 368
Suggestions for Further Reading 369
CHAPTER 16
Sex for Sale 370
Prostitution 371
Venues for Sex Work • Pimps and
Madams • Sex Trafficking • The
Career of a Sex Worker • Sex Workers’
Well-Being • Customers • Male Sex
Workers • Sex Tourism
First Person: Working Their Way Through College 376
Pornography 379
The Porn Industry • The Producers • The
Performers • The Consumers • The Effects of
Exposure • Objections to Pornography
First Person: Behind the Scenes:
Making X-Rated Videos 384
First Person: “Nicole”: A Victim of Child
Pornography 385
Critical Thinking Skill 392
Summary 393
Suggestions for Further Reading 393
CHAPTER 17
Sexual Disorders and Sex
Therapy 394
Kinds of Sexual Disorders 395
Desire Disorders • Arousal Disorders •
Orgasmic Disorders • Pain Disorders
First Person: A Case of Female Orgasmic Disorder 398
What Causes Sexual Disorders? 399
Physical Causes • Drugs • Psychological
Causes • Combined Cognitive and Physiological
Factors • Interpersonal Factors • A New View
of Women’s Sexual Problems and Their Causes
Therapies for Sexual Disorders 406
Behavior Therapy • Cognitive Behavior
Therapy • Mindfulness Therapy • Acceptance
and Commitment Therapy • Couple
Therapy • Specific Treatments for Specific
Problems • Biomedical Therapies
First Person: A Case of Low Sexual Desire 408
Evaluating Sex Therapy 413
Some Practical Information 414
Avoiding Sexual Disorders • Choosing a Sex
Therapist
Critical Thinking Skill 416
Summary 417
Suggestions for Further Reading 417
CHAPTER 18
Sexually Transmitted
Infections 418
Chlamydia 419
Symptoms • Treatment • Prevention?
HPV 420
Diagnosis • Treatment • Vaccine
Genital Herpes 422
Symptoms • Treatment • Long–Term
Consequences • Psychological Aspects: Coping
with Herpes
HIV Infection and AIDS 423
An Epidemic? • Transmission
A Sexually Diverse World: AIDS in Thailand 424
The Virus • The Disease • Diagnosis •
Treatment • Women, Children, People of Color,
and AIDS • Psychological Considerations in
HIV/AIDS • Recent Progress in AIDS Research
Gonorrhea 428
First Person: Safer Sex in the AIDS Era 429
Symptoms • Diagnosis • Treatment
Syphilis 431
Symptoms • Diagnosis • Treatment
Hepatitis B 433
Trichomoniasis 433
Pubic Lice 433
Protecting Yourself 434
Other Genital Infections 434
Candida • Prostatitis
First Person: Cool Lines about Safer Sex 435
Critical Thinking Skill 436
Summary 436
Suggestions for Further Reading 437
CHAPTER 19
Ethics, Religion, and Sexuality 438
Basic Concepts 439
Sexuality in Great Ethical Traditions 440
Classical Greek Philosophy • Judaism •
Christianity • Humanism
Sexuality in Other Major Religions 445
Islam • Hinduism • Buddhism
A Sexually Diverse World: Dissent over Sexual Ethics in
the Roman Catholic Church 446
Contemporary Issues in Sexual Ethics 449
Sex Outside Marriage • Contraception •
Abortion • Same-Gender Sexuality
A Sexually Diverse World: Religious Position
Statements on Abortion: Pro-life versus
Pro-choice 455
Technology and Sexual Ethics 456
Toward an Ethics of Human Sexuality 459
Critical Thinking Skill 460
Summary 460
Suggestions for Further Reading 461
CHAPTER 20
Sex and the Law 462
Why Are There Sex Laws? 463
What Kinds of Sex Laws Are There? 464
Crimes of Exploitation and Force • Criminal
Consensual Acts • Crimes against Good Taste •
Crimes against Reproduction • Criminal
Commercial Sex
A Sexually Diverse World: Universal
Sexual Rights 467
Discriminatory Laws Related to Sexuality 468
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity •
Same-Sex Marriage
A Sexually Diverse World: Legal Issues for
Transgender Persons 470
Sex-Law Enforcement 471
Principles in Sex-Law Reform 471
Efforts at Sex-Law Reform • Right to Privacy •
Equal Protection • Victimless Crimes •
Freedom of Speech • Reproductive Rights •
Race, Social Class, and Sex Laws
Sex and the Law in the Future 482
Sex-Law Reform and Backlash • The Legal
Challenge of Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Critical Thinking Skill 484
Summary 485
Suggestions for Further Reading 485
EPILOGUE
Looking to the Future: Sexuality Education 486
In the Home, in the School, or Somewhere Else? 487
What to Teach at Different Ages 488
Children’s Sexual Knowledge • Children’s
Sexual Interests The Curriculum 489
Abstinence-Only Programs • The Politics
of Sexuality Education • HIV/AIDS Risk
Education • Comprehensive, Theoretically Based Programs
A Sampling from a Comprehensive Sexuality Education
Curriculum 491
The Teacher 493
Condom Availability 494
Race and Sexuality Education 494
Bibliography B-2
Glossary G-2
Index I-1
Directory of Resources DR-2
McGraw Hill Education
Psychology APA Documentation
Style Guide