Lehne’s Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Nurses and Physician Assistants, 2nd Edition PDF by Laura D. Rosenthal and Jacqueline Rosenjack Burchum

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Lehne’s Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Nurses and Physician Assistants, 2nd Edition

By Laura D. Rosenthal and Jacqueline Rosenjack Burchum

Lehne's Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Nurses and Physician Assistants, 2nd Edition

Table of Contents:

Cover image

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Contributor and Reviewers

Preface

Laying Foundations in Basic Principles

Reviewing Physiology and Pathophysiology

Teaching Through Prototypes

Using Clinical Reality to Prioritize Content

Special Features

Teaching Supplements for Instructors

Student Resources

Ways to Use This Textbook

Unit I Introduction

1 Prescriptive Authority

Abstract

What Is Prescriptive Authority?

Prescriptive Authority Regulations

The Case for Full Prescriptive Authority

Prescriptive Authority and Responsibility

2 Rational Drug Selection and Prescription Writing

Abstract

Responsibility of Prescribing

Drug Selection

Prescriptions

Assistance

3 Promoting Positive Outcomes of Drug Therapy

Abstract

Medication Education

Monitoring

Adherence

Managing Medication Therapy

Summary

Unit II Basic Principles of Pharmacology

4 Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Interactions

Abstract

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics

Drug Interactions

5 Adverse Drug Reactions and Medication Errors

Abstract

Adverse Drug Reactions

Medication Errors

6 Individual Variation in Drug Responses

Abstract

Body Weight and Composition

Age

Pathophysiology

Tolerance

Placebo Effect

Variability in Absorption

Genetics and Pharmacogenomics

Gender- and Race-Related Variations

Comorbidities and Drug Interactions

7 Genetic and Genomic Considerations in Pharmacotherapeutics

Abstract

Pharmacogenomics

Application of Pharmacogenomics

Barriers to Pharmacogenomic Application in Practice

Implications and Ethics

Guidelines

Unit III Drug Therapy Across the Life Span

8 Drug Therapy During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Abstract

Drug Therapy During Pregnancy: Basic Considerations

Drug Therapy During Pregnancy: Teratogenesis and Other Risks

Drug Therapy During Breastfeeding

9 Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients

Abstract

Pharmacokinetics: Neonates and Infants

Pharmacokinetics: Children 1 Year and Older

Adverse Drug Reactions

Dosage Determination

Promoting Adherence

10 Drug Therapy in Geriatric Patients

Abstract

Pharmacokinetic Changes in Older Adults

Pharmacodynamic Changes in Older Adults

Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug Interactions

Promoting Adherence

Considerations for End-of-Life Care

Unit IV Peripheral Nervous System Drugs

11 Basic Principles of Neuropharmacology

Abstract

How Neurons Regulate Physiologic Processes

Basic Mechanisms by Which Neuropharmacologic Agents Act

Multiple Receptor Types and Selectivity of Drug Action

An Approach to Learning About Peripheral Nervous System Drugs

12 Physiology of the Peripheral Nervous System

Abstract

Divisions of the Nervous System

Overview of Autonomic Nervous System Functions

Autonomic Nervous System Regulation of Physiologic Processes

Anatomic Considerations

Transmitters of the Peripheral Nervous System

Receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System

Exploring the Concept of Receptor Subtypes

Locations of Receptor Subtypes

Functions of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes

Receptor Specificity of the Adrenergic Transmitters

Transmitter Life Cycles

13 Muscarinic Agonists and Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Abstract

Introduction to Cholinergic Drugs

Muscarinic Agonists

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

14 Muscarinic Antagonists

Abstract

Introduction to Anticholinergic Drugs

Muscarinic Antagonists (Anticholinergic Drugs)

15 Adrenergic Agonists

Abstract

Mechanisms of Adrenergic Receptor Activation

Overview of the Adrenergic Agonists

Therapeutic Applications and Adverse Effects of Adrenergic

Receptor Activation

Properties of Representative Adrenergic Agonists

16 Adrenergic Antagonists

Abstract

α-Adrenergic Antagonists

β-Adrenergic Antagonists

17 Indirect-Acting Antiadrenergic Agents

Abstract

Centrally Acting α2 Agonists

Unit V Central Nervous System Drugs

18 Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology

Abstract

Transmitters of the Central Nervous System

The Blood–Brain Barrier

How Central Nervous System Drugs Produce Therapeutic Effects

Adaptation of the Central Nervous System to Prolonged Drug

Exposure

Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs

Approaching the Study of Central Nervous System Drugs

19 Drugs for Parkinson Disease

Abstract

The Pathophysiology Underlying Motor Symptoms

Overview of Motor Symptom Management

Pharmacology of the Drugs Used for Motor Symptoms

Nonmotor Symptoms and Their Management

20 Drugs for Alzheimer Disease

Abstract

Pathophysiology of Alzheimer Disease

Risk Factors and Symptoms

Drugs for Cognitive Impairment

21 Drugs for Seizure Disorders

Abstract

Generation of Seizures

Types of Seizures

How Antiseizure Drugs Work

Basic Therapeutic Considerations

Classification of Antiseizure Drugs

Traditional Antiseizure Drugs

Newer Antiseizure Drugs

Management of Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus

22 Drugs for Muscle Spasm and Spasticity

Abstract

Drugs for Spasticity

Drugs for Localized Muscle Spasm

Cyclobenzaprine

Unit VI Drugs for Pain

23 Local Anesthetics

Abstract

Basic Pharmacology of the Local Anesthetics

Properties of Individual Local Anesthetics

Clinical Use of Local Anesthetics

24 Opioid Analgesics, Opioid Antagonists, and Nonopioid Centrally Acting

Analgesics

Abstract

Opioid Analgesics

Basic Pharmacology of the Opioids

Opioid Antagonists

Nonopioid Centrally Acting Analgesic—Tramadol

Prescribing Opioids for Chronic, Noncancer Pain During a National

Opioid Crisis

25 Drugs for Headache

Abstract

Migraine Headache

Cluster Headaches

Medication Overuse Headache

Unit VII Psychotherapeutic Drugs

26 Antipsychotic Agents and Their Use in Schizophrenia

Abstract

Schizophrenia: Clinical Presentation and Etiology

First-Generation (Conventional) Antipsychotics

Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics

Depot Antipsychotic Preparations

Management of Schizophrenia

27 Antidepressants

Abstract

Major Depression: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

Overview

Drugs Used for Depression

Peripartum Depression

28 Drugs for Bipolar Disorder

Abstract

Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder

Treatment of Bipolar Disorder

Mood-Stabilizing Drugs

Antipsychotic Drugs

29 Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

Abstract

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepine-Like Drugs

Ramelteon: a Melatonin Agonist

Suvorexant: an Orexin Antagonist

Barbiturates

Management of Insomnia

Other Hypnotics

30 Management of Anxiety Disorders

Abstract

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Panic Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

31 Central Nervous System Stimulants and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity

Disorder

Abstract

Central Nervous System Stimulants

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Unit VIII Substance Use Disorders

32 Substance Use Disorders I

Abstract

Definitions

Diagnostic Criteria for Substance Use Disorder

Factors That Contribute to Substance Use Disorder

Neurobiology of Substance Use Disorders

Principles of Substance Use Disorder Treatment

Controlled Substances Act

33 Substance Use Disorders II

Abstract

Basic Pharmacology of Alcohol

Alcohol Use Disorder

Drugs for Alcohol Use Disorder

34 Substance Use Disorders III

Abstract

Basic Pharmacology of Nicotine

Pharmacologic Aids to Smoking Cessation

35 Substance Use Disorders IV

Abstract

Heroin, Oxycodone, and Other Opioids

Kratom

General Central Nervous System Depressants

Psychostimulants

Marijuana and Related Preparations

Psychedelics

Dextromethorphan

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)

Inhalants

Anabolic Steroids

Unit IX Drugs That Affect the Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood, and

Blood Volume

36 Review of Hemodynamics

Abstract

Overview of the Circulatory System

Regulation of Cardiac Output

Regulation of Arterial Pressure

37 Diuretics

Abstract

Review of Renal Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Diuretics

Loop Diuretics

Thiazides and Related Diuretics

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

38 Drugs Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Abstract

Physiology of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

Aliskiren, a Direct Renin Inhibitor

Aldosterone Antagonists

39 Calcium Channel Blockers

Abstract

Calcium Channels: Physiologic Functions and Consequences of

Blockade

Calcium Channel Blockers: Classification and Sites of Action

Nondihydropyridines—Verapamil and Diltiazem: Agents That Act on

Vascular Smooth Muscle and the Heart

Dihydropyridines: Agents That Act Mainly on Vascular Smooth

Muscle

40 Vasodilators

Abstract

Basic Concepts in Vasodilator Pharmacology

Pharmacology of Individual Vasodilators

41 Drugs for Hypertension

Abstract

Basic Considerations in Hypertension

Management of Chronic Hypertension

Drugs for Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

42 Drugs for Heart Failure

Abstract

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Overview of Drugs Used to Treat Heart Failure

Digoxin, a Cardiac Glycoside

Management of Heart Failure

43 Antidysrhythmic Drugs

Abstract

Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology, Dysrhythmias, and the

Antidysrhythmic Drugs

Pharmacology of the Antidysrhythmic Drugs

44 Prophylaxis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Cholesterol

Plasma Lipoproteins

Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Atherosclerosis

2018 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association

Guideline on The Management of Blood Cholesterol

Drugs and Other Products Used to Improve Plasma Lipid Levels

Monoclonal Antibodies (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type

9 [PCSK9] Inhibitors)

45 Drugs for Angina Pectoris

Abstract

Angina Pectoris: Pathophysiology and Treatment Strategy

Organic Nitrates

β Blockers

Calcium Channel Blockers

Ranolazine

Treatment Measures

46 Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Drugs

Abstract

Coagulation: Physiology and Pathophysiology

Overview of Drugs for Thromboembolic Disorders

Anticoagulants

Direct Oral Anticoagulants

Antiplatelet Drugs

47 Drugs for Deficiency Anemias

Abstract

Red Blood Cell Development

Iron Deficiency

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Folic Acid Deficiency

Unit X Drugs for Endocrine Disorders

48 Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus: Basic Considerations

Insulin

Noninsulin Medications for the Treatment of Diabetes

49 Drugs for Thyroid Disorders

Abstract

Thyroid Physiology

Thyroid Function Tests

Thyroid Pathophysiology

Thyroid Hormone Preparations for Hypothyroidism

Drugs for Hyperthyroidism

Unit XI Women’s Health

50 Estrogens and Progestins

Abstract

The Menstrual Cycle

Estrogens

Phytoestrogens

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

Progestins

Menopausal Hormone Therapy

Drug Therapy for Transgender Women

Management of Female Sexual Interest-Arousal Disorder

51 Birth Control

Abstract

Effectiveness of Birth Control Methods

Selecting a Birth Control Method

Oral Contraceptives

Combination Contraceptives With Novel Delivery Systems

Long-Acting Contraceptives

Spermicides

Emergency Contraception

Drugs for Medical Abortion

Unit XII Men’s Health

52 Androgens

Abstract

Testosterone

Clinical Pharmacology of the Androgens

Androgen (Anabolic Steroid) Abuse

53 Male Sexual Dysfunction and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Abstract

Male Sexual Dysfunction

Erectile Dysfunction

Premature Ejaculation

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Unit XIII Antiinflammatory, Antiallergic, and Immunologic

Drugs

54 Review of the Immune System

Abstract

Introduction to the Immune System

Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity

Cell-Mediated Immunity

55 Childhood Immunization

Abstract

General Considerations

Target Diseases

Specific Vaccines and Toxoids

56 Antihistamines

Abstract

Histamine

The Two Types of Antihistamines: Histamine-1 Antagonists and

Histamine-2 Antagonists

57 Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

Abstract

Mechanism of Action

Classification of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

First-Generation Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

Second-Generation Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

(Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors, Coxibs)

Acetaminophen

American Heart Association Statement on Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

in Chronic Pain

58 Glucocorticoids in Nonendocrine Disorders

Abstract

Review of Glucocorticoid Physiology

Pharmacology of Glucocorticoids

Unit XIV Drugs for Bone and Joint Disorders

59 Drug Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Overview of Therapy

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

Glucocorticoids

Conventional Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs

Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs

Targeted Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug: Janus Kinase

Inhibitors

60 Drug Therapy for Gout

Abstract

Pathophysiology of Gout

Overview of Drug Therapy

Drugs for Acute Gouty Arthritis

Drugs for Hyperuricemia (Urate-Lowering Therapy)

Pharmacologic Management of Gout

61 Drugs Affecting Calcium Levels and Bone Mineralization

Abstract

Calcium Physiology

Calcium-Related Pathophysiology

Drugs for Disorders Involving Calcium and Bone Mineralization

Osteoporosis

Unit XV Respiratory Tract Drugs

62 Drugs for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract

Basic Considerations

Antiinflammatory Drugs

Bronchodilators

Combination Drugs

Management of Asthma

Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

63 Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis, Cough, and Colds

Abstract

Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis

Drugs for Cough

Cold Remedies: Combination Preparations

Unit XVI Gastrointestinal Drugs

64 Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease

Abstract

Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcers

Overview of Treatment

Antibacterial Drugs

Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Other Antiulcer Drugs

65 Laxatives

Abstract

General Considerations

Basic Pharmacology of Laxatives

Laxative Abuse

66 Other Gastrointestinal Drugs

Abstract

Antiemetics

Drugs for Motion Sickness

Antidiarrheal Agents

Drugs for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Prokinetic Agents

Pancreatic Enzymes

Anorectal Preparations

Unit XVII Nutrition and Complementary Therapies

67 Vitamins

Abstract

Basic Considerations

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Water-Soluble Vitamins

68 Drugs for Weight Loss

Abstract

Assessment of Weight-Related Health Risk

Pathophysiology

Overview of Obesity Treatment

Weight-Loss Drugs

A Note Regarding Drugs for Weight Loss

69 Complementary and Alternative Therapy

Abstract

Regulation of Dietary Supplements

Private Quality Certification Programs

Standardization of Herbal Products

Adverse Interactions With Conventional Drugs

Some Commonly Used Dietary Supplements

Harmful Supplements to Avoid

Unit XVIII Therapy of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases

70 Basic Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy

Abstract

Selective Toxicity

Classification of Antimicrobial Drugs

Acquired Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs

Selection of Antibiotics

Host Factors That Modify Drug Choice, Route of Administration, or

Dosage

Dosage and Duration of Treatment

Therapy With Antibiotic Combinations

Prophylactic Use of Antimicrobial Drugs

Misuses of Antimicrobial Drugs

Monitoring Antimicrobial Therapy

71 Drugs That Weaken the Bacterial Cell Wall I

Abstract

Introduction to the Penicillins

Properties of Individual Penicillins

72 Drugs That Weaken the Bacterial Cell Wall II

Abstract

Cephalosporins

Carbapenems

Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

73 Bacteriostatic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

Abstract

Tetracyclines

Macrolides

Other Bacteriostatic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

74 Aminoglycosides

Abstract

Basic Pharmacology of the Aminoglycosides

Properties of Individual Aminoglycosides

75 Sulfonamide Antibiotics and Trimethoprim

Abstract

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

76 Drug Therapy of Urinary Tract Infections

Abstract

Organisms That Cause Urinary Tract Infections

Specific Urinary Tract Infections and Their Treatment

Urinary Tract Antiseptics

77 Drug Therapy for Tuberculosis

Abstract

Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis

Overview of Treatment

Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis

Vaccination Against Tuberculosis

Pharmacology of Individual Antituberculosis Drugs

Ethambutol

Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs

78 Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs

Abstract

Fluoroquinolones

Additional Antibacterial Drugs

79 Antifungal Agents

Abstract

Drugs for Systemic Mycoses

Drugs for Superficial Mycoses

80 Antiviral Agents I

Abstract

Drugs for Infection With Herpes Simplex Viruses and Varicella Zoster

Virus

Drugs for Cytomegalovirus Infection

Drugs for Hepatitis C

Drugs for Hepatitis B

Drugs for Influenza

81 Antiviral Agents II

Abstract

82 Drug Therapy for Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Abstract

Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections

Gonococcal Infections

Nongonococcal Urethritis

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Acute Epididymitis

Syphilis

Bacterial Vaginosis

Trichomoniasis

Chancroid

Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

Proctitis

Anogenital Warts

83 Anthelmintics

Abstract

Classification of Parasitic Worms

Helminthic Infestations

Drugs of Choice for Helminthiasis

Unit XIX Cancer Therapy

84 Introduction to Immunomodulators

Abstract

Monoclonal Antibodies “Mabs”

Monoclonal Antibodies for Asthma

Monoclonal Antibodies for Infectious Disease—Clostridium Difficile

Monoclonal Antibodies for Migraine Prevention

Common Adverse Reactions to Monoclonal Antibodies

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors “Nibs”

Proteasome Inhibitors “Mibs”

Immunotherapy of the Future

85 Anticancer Drugs for the Nonspecialist

Abstract

The Role of the Nonspecialist

What Is Cancer?

Treatment of Cancer

Introduction to the Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs

Cytotoxic Agents

Hormonal Agents, Targeted Drugs, and Other Noncytotoxic

Anticancer Drugs

Chemoprevention and Cancer Immunotherapy

86 Pain Management in Patients With Cancer

Abstract

Pain in Cancer Patients

Management Strategy

Assessment and Ongoing Evaluation

Drug Therapy

Nondrug Therapy

Patient Education

Unit XX Drugs for Eyes, Ears, and Skin

87 Drugs for the Eye

Abstract

Glaucoma

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Additional Ophthalmic Drugs

88 Drugs for the Skin

Abstract

Anatomy of the Skin

Topical Drug Formulations

Acne

Sunscreens

Drugs for Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

Agents for Wart Removal

Drugs for Miscellaneous Skin Conditions

89 Drugs for the Ear

Abstract

Otitis Media and Its Management

Otitis Media With Effusion

Acute Otitis Externa

Unit XXI Drug Therapy in Acute Care

90 Agents Affecting the Volume and Ion Content of Body Fluids

Abstract

Disorders of Fluid Volume and Osmolality

Acid–Base Disturbances

Magnesium Imbalances

91 Management of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Abstract

Pathophysiology of STEMI

Management of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Complications of STEMI

Secondary Prevention of STEMI

92 Drugs for Acute Care

Abstract

Anesthesia, Neuromuscular Blockers, and Analgesia

Cardiology

Hematology

Nephrology

Appendix A Canadian Drug Information

Canadian Drug Legislation

Drug Advertising

International System of Units

Drug Serum Concentrations

References

Index

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