American Foreign Relations, A History to 1920, 7th Edition
By Thomas G. Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, Shane J. Maddock, Deborah Kisatsky and Kenneth J. Hagan
Contents:
Preface xiii
1 Embryo of Empire: Americans and the World
Before 1789 1
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: Jay, Franklin, Adams,
and Negotiations for Independence, 1782 2
Reaching for Independence: Ideology and Commercial Power 5
Opportunity and Necessity: Alliance with France 12
WHAT I F . . . France had not formally allied with the
United States beginning in 1778? 15
Suspicious Suitors in Europe 16
A Separate Peace: The Treaty of Paris 20
Ill-Treated under the Articles of Confederation 23
The New Constitution and the Legacy of the Founding
Generation 30
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD TO 1789 34
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 35
2 Independence, Expansion, and War, 1789–1815 38
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: The Chesapeake
Affair, 1807 39
The French Revolution Reverberates in America 42
Commerce, Politics, and Diplomacy: Jay’s Treaty 45
Pinckney’s Treaty, France, and Washington’s Farewell 49
Skillful Fencing: The XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War
with France 51
Jefferson’s Empire for Liberty 56
European Madhouse: Blockades, Neutral Trade,
and Impressment, 1803–1807 63
“Peaceable Coercion” and the Path to the War of 1812 65
In All the Tenses: Why War Came 68
WHAT I F . . . President Madison had not asked
Congress for war in 1812? 71
Wartime Diplomacy and the Peace of Ghent 72
The Legacy of a War Neither Won Nor Lost 75
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1789–1815 77
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2 79
3 Extending and Preserving the Sphere,
1815–1848 83
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: Mexican-American War on the
Rio Grande, 1846 84
Expanding the Sphere: Manifest Destiny 86
Commercial Ambitions in the Pacific 93
John Quincy Adams, the Floridas, and the Transcontinental
Treaty 95
The Monroe Doctrine Sets the Compass 99
Measuring John Bull: Trade, Canada, and Other Intersections 103
Contest over the Oregon Country 108
The Texas Bombshell 110
The War with Mexico and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 114
WHAT I F . . . Nicholas P. Trist had not negotiated a peace
treaty with Mexico in 1848? 118
The Lessons and Costs of Expansion, 1815–1848 119
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1815–1848 123
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 124
4 Expansionism, Sectionalism, and Civil War,
1848–1865 128
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: William Walker and Manifest
Manhood in Central America, 1855–1860 129
Sectionalism and Sputtering Expansionism 132
The South’s Dream of Empire 134
Cuban Allure 139
Openings to East Asia 141
Anglo-American Détente, an Isthmian Canal,
and Central America 146
The American Civil War and International Relations 148
British “Lookers On” Across the Atlantic 151
WHAT I F . . . Great Britain had recognized the
Confederacy during the Civil War? 154
War as Catalyst 155
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1848–1865 157
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 159
5 Establishing Regional Hegemony and Global
Power, 1865–1895 162
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: The Foiled Grab of the Dominican
Republic, 1869–1870 163
The Culture of Expansionism and Imperialism 165
Economic Expansion and Imperial Rivalry 170
Toward Command of the Seas: The New Navy 174
Secretary William H. Seward Projects the Future 176
Great Britain, Canada, and North American Disputes 178
Americans in Asia: China, Japan, and Korea 181
Pacific Prizes: Hawai’i and Samoa 184
WHAT I F . . . there had been no McKinley Tariff in 1890? 186
Eyeing Africa 188
Latin America Moves into the Yankee Vortex 192
Going Global 196
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1865–1895 196
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 198
6 Imperialist Leap, 1895–1900 201
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: The Maine, McKinley, and
War, 1898 202
The Venezuela Crisis of 1895 205
Men of Empire 208
Cleveland and McKinley Confront Cuba Libre, 1895–1898 210
WHAT I F . . . Spain had granted independence to
Cuba in 1898? 214
The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War 216
Men Versus “Aunties”: The Debate over Empire in the
United States 218
Imperial Collisions in Asia: The Philippine Insurrection and the
Open Door in China 221
The Elbows of a World Power, 1895–1900 228
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1895–1900 229
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6 230
7 Managing, Policing, and Extending the
Empire, 1900–1914 233
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: Severing Panama from
Colombia for the Canal, 1903 234
Architects of Empire 239
Cuba’s Limited Independence Under the Platt Amendment 243
The Constable of the Caribbean: The Roosevelt Corollary,
Venezuela, and the Dominican Republic 245
Ordering Haiti and Nicaragua 247
Resisting Revolution in Mexico 249
Japan, China, and Dollar Diplomacy in Asia 253
Anglo-American Rapprochement and Empire Building 257
WHAT I F . . . manliness and civilization had not
become linked in the minds of American leaders
in the period 1900–1917? 263
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1900–1914 264
NOTES TO CHAPTER 7 266
8 War, Peace, and Revolution in the Time of Wilson,
1914–1920 270
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: The Sinking of the
Lusitania, 1915 271
The Travails of Neutrality 275
Submarines, Neutral Rights, and Mediation Efforts 279
Wilson’s Choices Bring America into World War 281
The Debate over Preparedness 284
The Doughboys Make the Difference in Europe 287
The Fourteen Points and a Contentious Peace Conference 290
Principle, Personality, Health, and Partisanship:
The League Fight 294
WHAT I F . . . the president had accepted Senate
reservations and the United States had joined the League
of Nations in 1919–1920? 299
Red Scare at Home and Abroad: Bolshevism and Intervention
in Russia 300
The Whispering Gallery of Global Disorder 303
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1914–1920 306
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 308
Appendix: Makers of American Foreign Relations 311
General Bibliography 315
General Reference Works 315
Overviews of Relations with Countries, Regions, and Other Places of
the World, Including Atlases and Gazetteers (A), Annual Surveys
and Chronologies (AS), Bibliographies (B), Biographical Aids (BA),
Chronologies (C), Encyclopedias and Dictionaries (E), and
Statistics (S) 316
Overviews of Subjects, Including Atlases (A), Annual Surveys (AS),
Bibliographies (B), Biographical Aids (BA), Chronologies (C),
Encyclopedias (E), and Statistics (S) 326
Index 339
1 Embryo of Empire: Americans and the World
Before 1789 1
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: Jay, Franklin, Adams,
and Negotiations for Independence, 1782 2
Reaching for Independence: Ideology and Commercial Power 5
Opportunity and Necessity: Alliance with France 12
WHAT I F . . . France had not formally allied with the
United States beginning in 1778? 15
Suspicious Suitors in Europe 16
A Separate Peace: The Treaty of Paris 20
Ill-Treated under the Articles of Confederation 23
The New Constitution and the Legacy of the Founding
Generation 30
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD TO 1789 34
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 35
2 Independence, Expansion, and War, 1789–1815 38
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: The Chesapeake
Affair, 1807 39
The French Revolution Reverberates in America 42
Commerce, Politics, and Diplomacy: Jay’s Treaty 45
Pinckney’s Treaty, France, and Washington’s Farewell 49
Skillful Fencing: The XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War
with France 51
Jefferson’s Empire for Liberty 56
European Madhouse: Blockades, Neutral Trade,
and Impressment, 1803–1807 63
“Peaceable Coercion” and the Path to the War of 1812 65
In All the Tenses: Why War Came 68
WHAT I F . . . President Madison had not asked
Congress for war in 1812? 71
Wartime Diplomacy and the Peace of Ghent 72
The Legacy of a War Neither Won Nor Lost 75
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1789–1815 77
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2 79
3 Extending and Preserving the Sphere,
1815–1848 83
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: Mexican-American War on the
Rio Grande, 1846 84
Expanding the Sphere: Manifest Destiny 86
Commercial Ambitions in the Pacific 93
John Quincy Adams, the Floridas, and the Transcontinental
Treaty 95
The Monroe Doctrine Sets the Compass 99
Measuring John Bull: Trade, Canada, and Other Intersections 103
Contest over the Oregon Country 108
The Texas Bombshell 110
The War with Mexico and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 114
WHAT I F . . . Nicholas P. Trist had not negotiated a peace
treaty with Mexico in 1848? 118
The Lessons and Costs of Expansion, 1815–1848 119
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1815–1848 123
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 124
4 Expansionism, Sectionalism, and Civil War,
1848–1865 128
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: William Walker and Manifest
Manhood in Central America, 1855–1860 129
Sectionalism and Sputtering Expansionism 132
The South’s Dream of Empire 134
Cuban Allure 139
Openings to East Asia 141
Anglo-American Détente, an Isthmian Canal,
and Central America 146
The American Civil War and International Relations 148
British “Lookers On” Across the Atlantic 151
WHAT I F . . . Great Britain had recognized the
Confederacy during the Civil War? 154
War as Catalyst 155
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1848–1865 157
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 159
5 Establishing Regional Hegemony and Global
Power, 1865–1895 162
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: The Foiled Grab of the Dominican
Republic, 1869–1870 163
The Culture of Expansionism and Imperialism 165
Economic Expansion and Imperial Rivalry 170
Toward Command of the Seas: The New Navy 174
Secretary William H. Seward Projects the Future 176
Great Britain, Canada, and North American Disputes 178
Americans in Asia: China, Japan, and Korea 181
Pacific Prizes: Hawai’i and Samoa 184
WHAT I F . . . there had been no McKinley Tariff in 1890? 186
Eyeing Africa 188
Latin America Moves into the Yankee Vortex 192
Going Global 196
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1865–1895 196
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 198
6 Imperialist Leap, 1895–1900 201
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: The Maine, McKinley, and
War, 1898 202
The Venezuela Crisis of 1895 205
Men of Empire 208
Cleveland and McKinley Confront Cuba Libre, 1895–1898 210
WHAT I F . . . Spain had granted independence to
Cuba in 1898? 214
The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War 216
Men Versus “Aunties”: The Debate over Empire in the
United States 218
Imperial Collisions in Asia: The Philippine Insurrection and the
Open Door in China 221
The Elbows of a World Power, 1895–1900 228
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1895–1900 229
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6 230
7 Managing, Policing, and Extending the
Empire, 1900–1914 233
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: Severing Panama from
Colombia for the Canal, 1903 234
Architects of Empire 239
Cuba’s Limited Independence Under the Platt Amendment 243
The Constable of the Caribbean: The Roosevelt Corollary,
Venezuela, and the Dominican Republic 245
Ordering Haiti and Nicaragua 247
Resisting Revolution in Mexico 249
Japan, China, and Dollar Diplomacy in Asia 253
Anglo-American Rapprochement and Empire Building 257
WHAT I F . . . manliness and civilization had not
become linked in the minds of American leaders
in the period 1900–1917? 263
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1900–1914 264
NOTES TO CHAPTER 7 266
8 War, Peace, and Revolution in the Time of Wilson,
1914–1920 270
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD: The Sinking of the
Lusitania, 1915 271
The Travails of Neutrality 275
Submarines, Neutral Rights, and Mediation Efforts 279
Wilson’s Choices Bring America into World War 281
The Debate over Preparedness 284
The Doughboys Make the Difference in Europe 287
The Fourteen Points and a Contentious Peace Conference 290
Principle, Personality, Health, and Partisanship:
The League Fight 294
WHAT I F . . . the president had accepted Senate
reservations and the United States had joined the League
of Nations in 1919–1920? 299
Red Scare at Home and Abroad: Bolshevism and Intervention
in Russia 300
The Whispering Gallery of Global Disorder 303
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1914–1920 306
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 308
Appendix: Makers of American Foreign Relations 311
General Bibliography 315
General Reference Works 315
Overviews of Relations with Countries, Regions, and Other Places of
the World, Including Atlases and Gazetteers (A), Annual Surveys
and Chronologies (AS), Bibliographies (B), Biographical Aids (BA),
Chronologies (C), Encyclopedias and Dictionaries (E), and
Statistics (S) 316
Overviews of Subjects, Including Atlases (A), Annual Surveys (AS),
Bibliographies (B), Biographical Aids (BA), Chronologies (C),
Encyclopedias (E), and Statistics (S) 326
Index 339