Marine Biology, Twelfth Edition
By Peter Castro and Michael Huber
Contents:
About the Authors xi
Preface xii
Part One Principles of Marine Science
1 The Science of Marine Biology 1
1.1 The Science of Marine Biology 2
The History of Marine Biology 2
Marine Biology Today 6
1.2 The Scientific Method 8
Observation: The Currency of Science 9
Two Ways of Thinking 11
Testing Ideas 12
Limitations of the Scientific Method 17
Eye on Science: The Best Laid Plans 7
Observing the Ocean 10
John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts 16
Interactive Exploration 18
2 The Sea Floor 19
2.1 The Water Planet 19
The Geography of the Ocean Basins 20
The Structure of Planet Earth 20
2.2 The Origin and Structure of the Ocean Basins 22
Early Evidence of Continental Drift 22
Plate Tectonics 23
Earth’s Geological History 30
2.3 The Geological Provinces of the Ocean 33
Continental Margins 33
Deep-Ocean Basins 35
The Mid-Ocean Ridge and Hydrothermal Vents 36
Eye on Science: Life Below the Sea Floor 29
The Hawaiian Islands, Hot Spots, and Mantle Plumes 36
Interactive Exploration 39
3 Chemical and Physical Features of the
World Ocean 40
3.1 The Waters of the Ocean 40
The Unique Nature of Pure Water 41
Seawater 43
3.2 Ocean Circulation 48
Surface Circulation 48
Thermohaline Circulation and the Great Ocean Conveyor 52
3.3 Waves and Tides 56
Waves 56
Tides 57
Tall Ships and Surface Currents 51
Eye on Science: Larval Transport Near Hydrothermal Vents 54
Waves That Kill 58
Interactive Exploration 63
4 Fundamentals of Biology 64
4.1 The Ingredients of Life 65
The Building Blocks 65
The Fuel of Life 66
4.2 Living Machinery 69
Cells and Organelles 69
Levels of Organization 70
4.3 Challenges of Life in the Sea 72
Salinity 72
Temperature 75
Surface-to-Volume Ratio 76
4.4 Perpetuating Life 76
Modes of Reproduction 77
Reproductive Strategies 78
4.5 The Diversity of Life in the Sea 78
Natural Selection and Adaptation 78
Classifying Living Things 79
Evolutionary Perspective: From Snack to Servant: How Complex
Cells Arose 73
Eye on Science: When Fishes Stepped on Land 80
Interactive Exploration 84
Part Two The Organisms of the Sea
5 The Microbial World 85
5.1 Viruses 86
5.2 Prokaryotes 86
Bacteria 88
Archaea 89
Prokaryote Metabolism 90
5.3 Unicellular Algae 91
Diatoms 94
Dinoflagellates 95
Other Unicellular Algae 96
5.4 Protozoans: The Animal-Like Protists 97
Foraminiferans 97
Radiolarians 98
Ciliates 98
5.5 Fungi 98
Eye on Science: The Origin of Eukaryotes 90
Tiny Cells, Big Surprises 92
Evolutionary Perspective: Symbiotic Bacteria—The Essential
Guests 93
The Bay of Fire 96
Interactive Exploration 101
6 Multicellular Primary Producers: Seaweeds
and Plants 102
6.1 Multicellular Algae: The Seaweeds 102
General Structure 103
Photosynthetic Pigments 103
Types of Seaweeds 104
Life History 107
Economic Importance 109
6.2 Flowering Plants 109
Seagrasses 111
Salt-Marsh Plants 112
Mangroves 113
Economic Importance 115
Seaweeds for Gourmets 110
Eye on Science: Marine Algae as Biofuels 112
Interactive Exploration 116
7 Marine Animals Without a Backbone 117
7.1 Sponges 118
7.2 Cnidarians: Radial Symmetry 120
Types of Cnidarians 122
Biology of Cnidarians 124
7.3 Comb Jellies: Radial Symmetry Revisited 125
7.4 Bilaterally Symmetrical Worms 125
Flatworms 125
Ribbon Worms 126
Nematodes 127
Arrow Worms 127
Segmented Worms 127
7.5 Molluscs: The Successful Soft Body 130
Types of Molluscs 131
Biology of Molluscs 136
7.6 Arthropods: The Armored Achievers 137
Crustaceans 138
Biology of Crustaceans 140
Other Marine Arthropods 141
7.7 Bryozoans 141
7.8 Echinoderms: Five-Way Symmetry 141
Types of Echinoderms 142
Biology of Echinoderms 146
7.9 Hemichordates: A “Missing Link”? 146
7.10 Chordates Without a Backbone 147
Tunicates 147
The Case of the Killer Cnidarians 124
How to Discover a New Phylum 132
Eye on Science: The Complex Eyes of Mantis Shrimps 135
Interactive Exploration 151
8 Marine Fishes 152
8.1 Vertebrates: An Introduction 152
8.2 Types of Fishes 153
Jawless Fishes 154
Cartilaginous Fishes 154
Bony Fishes 157
8.3 Biology of Fishes 159
Body Shape 159
Coloration 159
Locomotion 160
Feeding 161
Digestion 162
Circulatory System 163
Respiratory System 163
Regulation of the Internal Environment 165
Nervous System and Sensory Organs 165
Behavior 167
Reproduction and Life History 171
Shark! 158
Eye on Science: Great White Shark Migrations 169
Evolutionary Perspective: A Fish Called Latimeria 172
Interactive Exploration 177
9 Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals 178
9.1 Marine Reptiles 180
Sea Turtles 180
Sea Snakes 180
Other Marine Reptiles 180
Biology of Marine Reptiles 182
9.2 Seabirds 183
Penguins 183
Tubenoses 184
Pelicans and Related Seabirds 184
Gulls and Related Seabirds 185
Shorebirds 185
Biology of Seabirds 186
9.3 Marine Mammals 187
Seals, Sea Lions, and the Walrus 187
Sea Otter, Marine Otter, and Polar Bear 189
Manatees and Dugong 190
Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises 190
Biology of Marine Mammals 200
The Endangered Sea Turtles 181
Evolutionary Perspective: The Whales That Walked to Sea 193
Eye on Science: Feeding in the Blue Whale 203
How Intelligent Are Cetaceans? 205
Interactive Exploration 213
Part Three Structure and Function of Marine
Ecosystems
10 An Introduction to Marine Ecology 214
10.1 The Organization of Communities 215
How Populations Grow 215
Ways That Species Interact 217
10.2 Major Marine Lifestyles and Environments 223
10.3 The Flow of Energy and Materials 224
Trophic Structure 224
Cycles of Essential Nutrients 230
Biodiversity: All Creatures Great and Small 219
Cleaning Associations 221
Eye on Science: Carbon Sinks and Blue Carbon 232
Interactive Exploration 236
SPECIAL REPORT: Our Changing Planet 237
Climate Change 237
The Greenhouse: Too Much of a Good Thing? 238
CO2 Through the Roof 238
What’s Happening Now? 240
What Lies Ahead? 241
So What? 241
Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem 242
Overwhelming the Nitrogen Cycle 243
The No-Zone 245
Stripping the Sea Bare 246
Disappearing Habitats 247
So What Do We Do? 248
Will There Be a Last Straw? 245
For More Information 250
11 Between the Tides 252
11.1 Rocky Shore Intertidal Communities 253
Exposure at Low Tide 253
The Power of the Sea 256
The Battle for Space 258
Vertical Zonation of Rocky Shores 261
11.2 Soft-Bottom Intertidal Communities 270
The Shifting Sediments 270
Living in the Sediment 271
Transplantation, Removal, and Caging Experiments 264
Eye on Science: Sea Star Wasting Disease 269
Interactive Exploration 275
12 Estuaries: Where Rivers Meet the Sea 276
12.1 Origins and Types of Estuaries 276
12.2 Physical Characteristics of Estuaries 278
Salinity 278
Substrate 279
Other Physical Factors 279
12.3 Estuaries as Ecosystems 279
Living in an Estuary 279
Types of Estuarine Communities 281
Feeding Interactions Among Estuarine Organisms 291
12.4 Human Impact on Estuarine Communities 291
Fiddler on the Mud 284
Eye on Science: Restoration of Salt Marshes 287
Interactive Exploration 294
13 Life on the Continental Shelf 295
13.1 Physical Characteristics of the Subtidal Environment 295
13.2 Soft-Bottom Subtidal Communities 297
Unvegetated Soft-Bottom Communities 300
Seagrass Meadows 304
Human Impact on Seagrasses 306
13.3 Hard-Bottom Subtidal Communities 307
Rocky Bottoms 307
Kelp Communities 308
Under the Polar Ice 298
Life in Mud and Sand 304
Eye on Science: Toxoplasma: From Cats to Sea Otters 314
Interactive Exploration 316
14 Coral Reefs 317
14.1 The Organisms That Build Reefs 317
Reef Corals 318
Other Reef Builders 321
Conditions for Reef Growth 322
14.2 Kinds of Coral Reefs 324
Fringing Reefs 324
Barrier Reefs 326
Atolls 328
14.3 The Ecology of Coral Reefs 331
The Trophic Structure of Coral Reefs 331
Coral Reef Communities 333
14.4 Human Impact on Coral Reefs 339
Global Warming and Ocean Acidification 339
Pollution, Overfishing, Disease, and Habitat Destruction 340
Promoting Reef Resilience 340
Coral Reproduction 323
Deep-Water Coral Communities 330
“Must Have Been Something I Ate” 338
The Kāne‘ohe Bay Story 341
Interactive Exploration 343
15 Life Near the Surface 344
15.1 The Organisms of the Epipelagic 345
The Plankton: A New Understanding 345
The Phytoplankton 346
The Zooplankton 348
The Nekton 351
15.2 Living in the Epipelagic 352
Staying Afloat 352
Predators and Their Prey 356
15.3 Epipelagic Food Webs 361
Trophic Levels and Energy Flow 361
The Microbial Loop 362
Patterns of Production 363
The El Nino–Southern Oscillation 370
Red Tides and Harmful Algal Blooms 352
Swimming Machines 358
Eye on Science: Biological Nutrient Pumps 369
Interactive Exploration 373
16 The Ocean Depths 374
16.1 The Twilight World 376
The Animals of the Mesopelagic 376
Adaptations of Midwater Animals 378
16.2 The World of Perpetual Darkness 385
The Lack of Food 386
Sex in the Deep Sea 386
Living Under Pressure 387
16.3 The Deep-Ocean Floor 388
Feeding in the Deep-Sea Benthos 388
The Nature of Life in the Deep-Sea Benthos 390
Microbes in the Deep Sea 391
16.4 Hot Springs, Cold Seeps, and Dead Bodies 392
The Chambered Nautilus 377
Biodiversity in the Deep Sea 391
Eye on Science: Alvin Reborn 392
Interactive Exploration 396
Part Four Humans and the Sea
17 Resources from the Sea 397
17.1 The Living Resources of the Sea 397
Food from the Sea 398
Marine Life as Items of Commerce and Recreation 414
17.2 Non-Living Resources from the Sea Floor 415
Oil and Gas 415
Ocean Mining 416
17.3 Non-Living Resources from Seawater 417
Energy 417
Fresh Water 418
Minerals 418
Of Fish and Seabirds, Fishers and Chickens 407
Eye on Science: Aquaculture of Bluefin Tunas 411
Take Two Sponges and Call Me in the Morning 415
Interactive Exploration 420
18 The Impact of Humans on the Marine
Environment 421
18.1 Modification and Destruction of Habitats 421
Trawling 422
18.2 Pollution 423
Eutrophication 424
Sewage 424
Oil 426
Persistent Toxic Substances 428
Plastic Waste 430
Thermal Pollution 432
18.3 Threatened and Endangered Species 432
18.4 Conserving and Enhancing the Marine Environment 436
Conservation 437
Restoration of Habitats 437
18.5 Prospects for the Future 440
Eye on Science: Microplastics in the Marine Environment 432
Biological Invasions: The Uninvited Guests 434
Ten Simple Things You Can Do to Save the Oceans 439
Interactive Exploration 441
Appendix A Units of Measurement 442
Appendix B Selected Field Guides and Other References for
the Identification of Marine Organisms in North
America 443
Appendix C The World Ocean 444
Appendix D Major Coastal Communities and Marine Protected
Areas in North America and the Caribbean 446
Glossary 448
Index 460