Psychopathology: An Integrative Approach to Mental Disorders, Ninth Edition
By David H Barlow, V Mark Durand and Stefan G Hofmann
Contents:
1 Psychopathology in Historical Context 2
Understanding Psychopathology 3
What Is a Psychological Disorder? / 3
The Science of Psychopathology / 6
Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior / 8
The Supernatural Tradition 8
Demons and Witches / 8
Stress and Melancholy / 9
Treatments for Possession I 10
Mass Hysteria / 11
Modern Mass Hysteria / 11
The Moon and the Stars / 11
The Biological Tradition 12
Hippocrates and Galen / 12
The 19th Century I 13
The Development of Biological Treatments / 14
Consequences of the
Biological Tradition / 14
The Psychological
Tradition 1 5
Moral Therapy / 15
Asylum Reform and the
Decline of Moral Therapy / 16
Psychoanalytic Theory I 17
Humanistic Theory / 22
The Cognitive-Behavioral Model / 23
The Present: The Scientific Method and
an Integrative Approach 25
Summary 26
Key Terms 27
Answers to Concept Checks 27
2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology 30
One-Dimensional versus
Multidimensional Models 31
What Caused Janelle’s Phobia? / 31
Outcome and Comments / 33
Genetic Contributions to
Psychopathology 34
The Nature of Genes / 34
New Developments in the Study of Genes and
Behavior / 35
The Interaction of Genes
and the Environment / 36
Epigenetics and the Nongenomic “Inheritance”
of Behavior / 39
Neuroscience and Its Contributions to
Psychopathology 41
The Central Nervous System / 41
The Structure of the Brain / 43
The Peripheral Nervous
System I 45
Neurotransmitters / 47
Implications for
Psychopathology / 51
Psychosocial Influences on Brain
Structure and Function / 52
Interactions of Psychosocial Factors
and Neurotransmitter Systems I 54
Psychosocial Effects on the Development
of Brain Structure and Function / 55
The Brain- Gut Connection / 56
Comments I 56
Behavioral and Cognitive Science 57
Conditioning and Cognitive Processes I 57
Learned Helplessness / 58
Social Learning / 58
Prepared Learning / 58
Cognitive Science and the Unconscious / 59
Emotions 60
The Physiology and Purpose of Fear / 60
Emotional Phenomena / 60
The Components of Emotion / 61
Anger and Your Heart / 62
Emotions and Psychopathology / 63
Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal
Factors 63
Voodoo, the Evil Eye, and Other Fears / 63
Gender / 64
Social Effects on Health and Behavior / 65
Global Incidence of Psychological
Disorders I 67
Life-Span Development 67
Conclusions 69
Summary 70
Key Terms 71
Answers to Concept Checks 71
3 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis 72
Assessing Psychological Disorders 73
Key Concepts in Assessment I 74
The Clinical Interview / 75
Physical Examination / 80
Behavioral Assessment / 80
Psychological Testing / 82
Neuropsychological Testing / 86
Neuroimaging: Pictures of the Brain / 87
Psychophysiological Assessment I 88
Diagnosing Psychological Disorders 90
Classification Issues / 91
Diagnosis before 1980 / 93
DSM-Ill and DSM-11I-R / 93
DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR / 94
DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR / 94
Creating and Abandoning
Diagnoses / 97
Beyond DSM-5: Dimensions
and Spectra / 99
Summary 100
Key Terms 100
Answers to Concept Checks 100
Genetics and Behavior
across Time and
4 Research Methods 102
Examining Psychopathology 103
Important Concepts / 103
Basic Components of a Research Study / 103
Statistical versus Clinical Significance / 105
The “Average” Client / 106
Types of Research Methods 106
Studying Individual Cases / 106
Research by Correlation / 107
Research by Experiment / 109
Single-Case Experimental Designs / 111
Cultures 114
Studying Behavior over lime / 117
Power of a Program of
Research / 120
Replication / 121
Research Ethics I 121
Summary 123
Key Terms 123
Answers to Concept Checks 123
5 Anxiety, Trauma- and Stressor-Related, and Obsessive-Compulsive
and Related Disorders 124
The Complexity of Anxiety
Disorders 125
Anxiety, Fear, and Panic: Some
Definitions / 125
Causes of Anxiety and Related Disorders / 126
Comorbidity of Anxiety and
Related Disorders I 130
Co morbidity with Physical Disorders I 131
Suicide / 131
Anxiety Disorders 132
Generalized Anxiety Disorder I 132
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia / 137
Specific Phobia / 145
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) / 151
Trauma and StressorRelated
Disorders 157
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD) / 157
Prolonged Grief Disorder / 163
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders 165
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder I 165
Body Dysmorphic Disorder I 169
Other Obsessive-Compulsive and
Related Disorders I 173
Summary 175
Key Terms 177
Answers to Concept Checks 177
6 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders and Dissociative Disorders 180
Somatic Symptom and Related
Disorders 181
Somatic Symptom Disorder / 181
Illness Anxiety Disorder / 182
Psychological Factors Affecting
Medical Condition / 188
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
(Conversion Disorder) / 189
Dissociative Disorders 193
Depersona I ization-Derea I izati on
Disorder I 194
Dissociative Amnesia / 195
Dissociative Identity Disorder / 198
Summary 207
Key Terms 207
Answers to Concept Checks 207
7 Mood Disorders and Suicide 210
Understanding and Defining Mood
Disorders 211
An Overview of Depression and Mania / 212
The Structure of Mood Disorders / 213
Depressive Disorders I 214
Additional Defining Criteria for Depressive
Disorders / 216
Other Depressive Disorders / 222
Bipolar Disorders I 224
Additional Defining Criteria
for Bipolar
Disorders / 226
Prevalence of Mood
Disorders 227
Prevalence in Children,
Adolescents, and Older Adults / 228
Life Span Developmental Influences on Mood
Disorders I 229
Across Cultures / 231
Among Creative Individuals / 231
Causes of Mood Disorders 232
Biological Dimensions / 233
Additional Studies of Brain Structure
and Function / 236
Psychological Dimensions / 236
Social and Cultural Dimensions / 240
Marital Relations / 240
An Integrative Theory I 243
Treatment of Mood Disorders 244
Medications / 245
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation / 248
Psychological Treatments for Depression / 249
Combined Treatments for Depression I 252
Preventing Relapse of Depression / 252
Psychological Treatments for Bipolar
Disorder / 254
Suicide 254
Statistics I 255
Causes I 257
Risk Factors / 257
Existing Psychological Disorders and Other
Psychological Risk Factors I 258
Stressful Life Events / 258
Is Suicide Contagious? / 259
Treatment I 259
Summary 262
Key Terms 263
Answers to Concept Checks 263
8 Eating and Sleep- Wake Disorders 266
Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders 266
Major Types of Eating Disorders 267
Bulimia Nervosa / 268
Anorexia Nervosa / 271
Binge-Eating Disorder / 273
Statistics / 274
Causes of Eating Disorders 278
Social Dimensions / 278
Biological Dimensions / 281
Psychological Dimensions / 282
An Integrative Model / 283
Treatment of Eating Disorders 283
Drug Treatments I 283
Psychological Treatments / 284
Preventing Eating Disorders I 288
Obesity 289
Statistics / 289
Disordered Eating Patterns in Cases of
Obesity I 290
Causes I 291
Treatment I 291
Sleep-Wake
Disorders: The Major
Dyssomnias 295
An Overview of Sleep-Wake
Disorders I 295
Insomnia Disorder I 297
Hypersomnolence Disorders I 301
Narcolepsy / 302
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders / 303
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder / 304
Treatment of Sleep Disorders 307
Medical Treatments / 307
Environmental Treatments / 308
Psychological Treatments / 308
Preventing Sleep Disorders I 309
Parasomnias and Their Treatment / 309
Summary 313
Key Terms 314
Answers to Concept Checks 314
9 Physical Disorders and Health Psychology 318
Psychological and Social Factors That
Influence Health 319
Health and Health-Related Behavior / 320
The Nature of Stress / 321
The Physiology of Stress / 321
Contributions to the Stress Response / 322
Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Excitement / 323
Stress and the Immune Response / 324
Psychosocial Effects on Physical
Disorders 327
AIDS I 327
Cancer / 329
Cardiovascular Problems / 331
Hypertension / 332
Coronary Heart Disease / 334
Chronic Pain / 337
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / 341
Psychosocial
Treatment of Physical
Disorders 344
Biofeedback / 344
Relaxation and Meditation / 345
A Comprehensive Stressand
Pain-Reduction Program / 346
Drugs and Stress-Reduction Programs I 347
Denial as a Means of Coping / 347
Modifying Behaviors to Promote Health / 348
Summary 352
Key Terms 353
Answers to Concept Checks 353
10 Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders, and Gender Dysphoria 356
What Is “Normal” Sexuality? 357
Gender Differences / 359
Cultural Differences / 360
The Development of Sexual Orientation / 361
An Overview of Sexual
Dysfunctions 362
Sexual Desire Disorders / 363
Sexual Arousal Disorders / 364
Orgasm Disorders / 366
Sexual Pain Disorder / 368
Assessing Sexual Behavior 369
Interviews / 369
Medical Examinations / 369
Psychophysiological Assessments / 369
Causes and Treatment of Sexual
Dysfunction 370
Causes of Sexual Dysfunction / 370
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction / 375
Paraphilic Disorders: Clinical
Descriptions 378
Fetishistic Disorder I 379
Voyeuristic and Exhibitionistic
Disorders / 379
Transvestic Disorder / 380
Sexual Sadism and Sexual Masochism
Disorders / 382
Pedophilic Disorder and Incest / 383
Paraphilic Disorders in Women / 384
Causes of Paraphilic Disorders / 385
Assessing and Treating Paraphilic
Disorders 386
Psychological Treatment / 387
Drug Treatments / 388
Gender Dysphoria / 389
Defining Gender Dysphoria / 390
Causes / 391
Treatment / 393
Summary 396
11 Substance-Related, Addictive, and Impulse-Control Disorders 400
Perspectives on Substance-Related and
Addictive Disorders 401
Levels of Involvement / 402
Diagnostic Issues / 404
Depressants 405
Alcohol-Related Disorders/ 405
Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related
Disorders / 410
Stimulants 411
Stimulant-Related Disorders / 411
Tobacco-Related Disorders / 415
Caffeine-Related Disorders / 417
Opioid-Related Disorders 418
Cannabis-Related Disorders 419
Hallucinogen-Related Disorders 420
Other Commonly Misused
Substances 422
Inhalants / 422
Steroids / 423
Designer Drugs / 424
12 Personality Disorders 444
Personality Disorders 444
An Overview of Personality
Disorders 445
Aspects of Personality Disorders / 445
Categorical and Dimensional Models / 445
Personality Disorder Clusters / 447
Statistics and Development / 447
Gender Differences / 449
Comorbidity I 450
Personality Disorders under Study / 450
Causes of Substance Related Disorders 424
Biological Dimensions / 424
Psychological
Dimensions I 426
Cognitive Dimensions / 427
Social Dimensions / 428
Cultural Dimensions / 429
An Integrative Model / 429
Treatment of Substance-Related
Disorders 430
Biological Treatments / 432
Psychosocial Treatments / 433
Prevention / 436
Gambling Disorder 437
Impulse-Control Disorders 438
Intermittent Explosive Disorder / 439
Kleptomania / 439
Pyromania I 439
Summary 440
Key Terms 441
Answers to Concept Checks 441
Cluster A Personality
Disorders 451
Paranoid Personality
Disorder / 452
Schizoid Personality
Disorder / 453
Schizotypal Personality
Disorder / 455
Cluster B Personality Disorders 457
Antisocial Personality Disorder I 457
Borderline Personality Disorder I 465
Histrionic Personality Disorder / 469
Narcissistic Personality Disorder / 470
Cluster C Personality Disorders 472
Avoidant Personality Disorder / 472
Dependent Personality Disorder I 473
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality
Disorder / 474
Summary 477
Key Terms 477
Answers to Concept Checks 477
13 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders 480
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic
Disorders 480
Perspectives on Schizophrenia 481
Early Figures in Diagnosing Schizophrenia / 481
Identifying Symptoms / 482
Clinical Description, Symptoms, and
Subtypes 483
Positive Symptoms / 484
Negative Symptoms / 487
Disorganized Symptoms / 488
Historic Schizophrenia Subtypes / 489
Other Psychotic Disorders / 489
Key Terms 397
Answers to Concept Checks 397
Prevalence and Causes of
Schizophrenia 493
Statistics / 494
Development / 494
Cultural Factors / 494
Genetic Influences / 495
Neurobiological
Influences / 499
Overview of NeurodevelopmentalDisorders 517
14 Neurodevelopmental Disorders 516
What Is Typical? What Is Not Typical? / 518
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder 518
Clinical Description / 518
Statistics / 520
Causes / 521
Treatment of ADHD / 523
Psychosocial Interventions / 524
Biological Interventions / 524
Combined Approach to
Treatment / 525
Psychological and Social
Influences / 502
Treatment of Schizophrenia 504
Biological Interventions / 505
Psychosocial Interventions / 507
Treatment across Cultures / 510
Prevention / 511
Summary 512
Key Terms 513
Answers to Concept Checks 513
Specific Learning
Disorder 525
Clinical Description / 525
Statistics / 526
Causes / 528
Treatment of Learning
Disorders I 529
Autism Spectrum Disorder 530
Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder I 534
Intellectual Developmental Disorder
(Intellectual Disability} 536
Causes I 539
Prevention of Neurodevelopmental
Disorders 543
Summary 545
Key Terms 545
Answers to Concept Checks 545
15 Neurocognitive Disorders 548
Perspectives on Neurocognitive
Disorders 549
Delirium 549
Clinical Description and Statistics / 549
Treatment / 551
Prevention / 551
Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders 552
Clinical Description and Statistics / 554
Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer’s
Disease I 555
Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder I 558
Other Medical Conditions
That Cause Neurocognitive
Disorder I 558
Substance/Medication-Induced
Neurocognitive
Disorder / 563
Causes of Neurocognitive
Disorder I 563
Treatment I 566
Prevention / 570
Summary 571
Key Terms 571
Answers to Concept Checks 571
16 Mental Health Services: Legal and Ethical Issues 574
Perspectives on Mental Health Law 575
Civil Commitment 575
Criteria for Civil Commitment / 576
Procedural Changes Affecting Civil
Commitment / 578
An Overview of Civil Commitment / 580
Criminal Commitment 581
The Insanity Defense I 581
Reactions to the Insanity Defense / 582
Therapeutic Jurisprudence I 584
Competence to Stand Trial / 585
Duty to Warn / 585
Mental Health Professionals as Expert
Witnesses / 585
Patients’ Rights
and Clinical Practice
Guidelines 586
The Right to Treatment / 586
The Right to Refuse
Treatment / 587
The Rights of Research Participants / 587
Evidence-Based Practice and Clinical
Practice Guidelines / 588
Conclusions 590
Summary 591
Key Terms 591
Answers to Concept Checks 591
Appendix-A: DSM-5 Classifications A-1
Appendix-B: DSM-5 Disorders for
Further Study B-1
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Name Index 1-1
Subject Index 1-29