Bamboo Fibres: Processing, Properties and Applications
By K. Murugesh Babu and S.M. Chandrasekhara
Contents:
About the authors xi
Foreword xiii
Introduction xv
- Introduction and history of bamboo fibres 1
1.1 Introduction to bamboo and bamboo fibres 1
1.1.1 History of bamboo and bamboo fibres 5
1.1.2 Taxonomy and geographical distribution 9
1.1.3 Prospects of bamboo fibres 15
References 18
Further reading 21
- Growth characteristics of bamboo: types of bamboo,
morphology of bamboo 23
2.1 World distribution of bamboo 24
2.2 Bamboo growth habitat 25
2.3 Growth process 27
2.4 Bamboo growing areas in India 27
2.5 Morphology of bamboo 28
2.6 Types of bamboo 31
2.6.1 Running bamboo 31
2.6.2 Clumping bamboos 33
2.7 Other varieties of bamboo (Chinese varieties) 34
2.7.1 Ornamental bamboo 34
2.7.2 Modern bamboo varieties 37
2.8 Chemical composition of bamboo 41
References 43
- Extraction methods for bamboo fibres: various extraction
methods, different types of bamboo fibres 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Bamboo fibre extraction methods 47
3.2.1 Extraction of natural bamboo fibres 47
3.3 Types of mechanical extraction methods 50
3.3.1 Steam explosion method 50
3.3.2 Crushing 52
3.3.3 Grinding 52
3.3.4 Rolling mill 52
3.3.5 Retting 53
3.4 Bamboo fibre process by chemical methods 53
3.4.1 Chemical retting 54
3.4.2 Alkali or acid retting 55
3.5 Biological methods 56
3.5.1 Microbial culture 57
3.6 Combined mechanical and chemical extraction methods 58
3.7 Extraction of fibres from bamboo shoot shell 58
3.8 Production of regenerated (pulp) bamboo fibres 59
3.8.1 Rayon process 59
3.8.2 Lyocell process (eco-friendly process to produce bamboo fibre) 61
3.9 Types of bamboo fibres 62
3.9.1 Natural bamboo fibres 62
3.9.2 Bamboo (viscose) rayon fibres 62
3.9.3 Bamboo charcoal fibre 63
3.9.4 Natural bamboo fibre from LITRAX 66
3.10 Summary 67
References 67
- Characterisation of bamboo fibres 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 The chemical composition of bamboo fibres 72
4.3 Cellulose 73
4.4 Hemicellulose 74
4.5 Lignin 74
4.6 Structure of the bamboo fibre at the macro- and microlevel 75
4.7 Morphology of the elementary bamboo fibres 78
4.8 Studies on characterisation of structure of bamboo fibres 79
4.9 X-ray diffraction studies 85
4.10 Degree of crystallinity 86
4.11 FTIR studies 91
4.12 Summary 95
References 96
- Properties of bamboo fibres: physical, performance, comfort,
thermal, and low stress mechanical properties 101
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 Physical properties of natural bamboo fibres 102
vi Contents
5.2.1 Moisture absorption 102
5.2.2 Length and linear density 103
5.3 Tensile properties 105
5.4 Stress relaxation behaviour 112
5.5 Physical properties of bamboo viscose (pulp) fibres 117
5.6 Thermal properties 118
5.7 Low stress mechanical properties of bamboo and bamboo
blended fabrics 123
5.7.1 Tensile properties (tensile tester KES-FB1) 124
5.7.2 Shear properties 126
5.7.3 Bending properties 127
5.7.4 Compression properties 128
5.7.5 Fabric compressibility 128
5.7.6 Surface properties 129
5.7.7 Fabric weight and thickness 129
5.7.8 Primary and total hand values 130
5.8 Summary 133
References 133
- Production and properties of bamboo yarns and fabrics 137
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 Production and properties of bamboo and bamboo blended yarns 138
6.2.1 Methodology used for yarn production 140
6.2.2 Testing of yarns 141
6.3 Physical properties of bamboo and bamboo blended yarns 141
6.3.1 Yarn liner density 141
6.3.2 Twist in the yarn 142
6.3.3 Twist multiplier 142
6.4 Mechanical properties of yarns 142
6.4.1 Tensile properties 142
6.5 Yarn evenness testing 143
6.6 Yarn hairiness 144
6.6.1 Uster yarn hairiness tester 144
6.7 Production and properties of bamboo and bamboo blended fabrics 148
6.7.1 Fabric production 149
6.7.2 Fabric testing 150
6.8 Tensile strength and tearing strength 153
6.9 Abrasion resistance 155
6.10 Pilling 156
6.11 Crease recovery 157
Contents vii
6.12 Flammability 157
6.13 Fabric stiffness 158
6.14 Drape 160
6.15 Permeability 160
6.16 Moisture content and moisture regain 161
6.17 Fabric wetting 162
6.18 Summary 167
References 167
- Antimicrobial properties of bamboo, bamboo fibres,
and fabrics 169
7.1 Introduction 169
7.2 Antibacterial properties of bamboo extract 171
7.3 Antimicrobial properties of bamboo fibres and fabrics 173
7.3.1 Bamboo plant extraction 174
7.3.2 Bacterial strains 175
7.3.3 Methodology used 175
7.3.4 Antimicrobial activity of fabrics 176
7.3.5 Evaluation of antimicrobial activity (qualitative agar
diffusion test AATCC 147-2004) 177
7.3.6 Antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric treated with
bamboo extract 180
7.4 Summary 191
References 191
- Chemical processing of bamboo and bamboo products 195
8.1 Introduction 195
8.1.1 Chemical processing of bamboo products 196
8.1.2 Chemical treatment of bamboo 196
8.1.3 Dyeing of blends 205
8.1.4 Measurement of colour fastness properties of the fabrics 205
8.1.5 Measurement of colour strength (K/S) 206
8.1.6 Fabric fastness properties 206
8.1.7 Colour strength (K/S) 207
8.2 Summary 209
References 209
- Applications and technoeconomics of bamboo fibres 213
9.1 Applications in the textile industry 215
9.1.1 Bamboo medical textiles and healthcare products 216
viii Contents
9.1.2 Textile clothing 217
9.2 Bamboo fibres in fashion 217
9.3 Bamboo fibres in paper production 218
9.4 Bamboo fibres in the construction industry 219
9.5 Bamboo fibre in composites 220
9.6 Future trends and technoeconomics of bamboo fibres 222
9.7 Summary 224
References 226
Index 231