Forensic Psychology, Fifth Edition
By Joanna Pozzulo, Craig Bennell and Adelle Forth
Contents:
Preface xii
1 An Introduction to Forensic Psychology 1
In the Media The Reality of Reality TV 2
A Brief History of Forensic Psychology 3
Early Research on Testimony and Suggestibility 3
Court Cases in Europe 4
Advocates for Forensic Psychology in North America 5
Box 1.1 Biological, Sociological, and
Psychological Theories of Crime 7
Landmark Court Cases in the United States 8
Progress in Canada 9
A Legitimate Field of Psychology 10
Box 1.2 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Stephen Wormith 11
Forensic Psychology Today 12
The Roles of a Forensic Psychologist 13
Box 1.3 Other Forensic Disciplines 14
The Relationship Between Psychology and Law 16
Box 1.4 Influential Court Cases in the Field of Forensic Psychology 17
Modern-Day Debates: Psychological Experts in Court 18
The Function of the Expert Witness 18
The Challenges of Providing Expert Testimony 18
Criteria for Accepting Expert Testimony 20
Box 1.5 The Challenges of Applying the Mohan Criteria: The Case of R. v. D.D. (2000) 23
Box 1.6 Myths Associated with the Field of Forensic Psychology 25
2 Police Psychology 27
Police Selection 28
A Brief History of Police Selection 28
Box 2.1 So, You Want to Be an RCMP Officer?
The RCMP Regular Member Selection Process 30
Developing Police Selection Instruments 31
The Validity of Police Selection Instruments 33
Box 2.2 The Use of Assessment Centres in Canadian Policing 37
Police Discretion 38
Why Is Police Discretion Necessary? 38
Areas Where Police Discretion Is Used 39
Box 2.3 The Supreme Court of Canada Rules on
Investigative Discretion in Beaudry v. The Queen (2007) 40
Box 2.4 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Dorothy Cotton 43
In the Media The Death of Sammy Yatim 44
Controlling Police Discretion 45
Box 2.5 The RCMP’s Incident Management/
Intervention Model 46
Police Stress 48
Sources of Police Stress 48
Box 2.6 Work–Life Balance and Police Officer
Well-Being in Canada 49
Consequences of Police Stress 51
Box 2.7 Myths Associated with Police Psychology 53
Preventing and Managing Police Stress 54
3 The Psychology of Police Investigations 57
Police Interrogations 58
Box 3.1 The Mr. Big Technique 59
The Reid Model of Interrogation 60
The Use of the Reid Model in Actual
Interrogations 62
Potential Problems with the Reid Model of
Interrogation 63
Box 3.2 Myths About Police Interrogations 65
Box 3.3 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Joseph
Eastwood 66
Interrogation Practices and the Courts 68
An Alternative to the Reid Model 68
Box 3.4 The Admissibility of Confession
Evidence: Court Rulings in R. v. Oickle
(2000) and R. v. Chapple (2012) 69
False Confessions 70
The Frequency of False Confessions 71
Different Types of False Confessions 71
Box 3.5 A Coerced-Compliant False Confession
in a Canadian Child Abuse Case 73
Studying False Confessions in the Lab 75
The Consequences of Falsely Confessing 77
Criminal Profiling 79
What Is a Criminal Profile? 79
In the Media Hollywood Depictions of Criminal
Profiling 80
The Origins of Criminal Profiling 81
Box 3.6 The RCMP’s Violent Crime Linkage
Analysis System (ViCLAS) 83
How Is a Criminal Profile Constructed? 83
The Validity of Criminal Profiling 87
Geographic Profiling 90
4 Deception 94
The Polygraph Technique 95
Applications of the Polygraph Test 95
Types of Polygraph Tests 96
Validity of Polygraph Techniques 99
Can the Guilty Learn to Beat the Polygraph? 100
Box 4.1 Seeing Through the Face of
Deception 101
Scientific Opinion: What Do the Experts Say? 102
Admissibility of Polygraph Evidence 103
Brain-Based Deception Research 103
Box 4.2 Brain Fingerprinting: Is This Admissible
in Court? Harrington v. State (2003) 106
Verbal and Nonverbal Behaviour Cues to Lying 107
Box 4.3 Myths and Realities: Detection of Deception 108
Verbal Cues to Lying 110
Are Some People Better at Detecting Deception? 110
Box 4.4 Quest for Love: Truth and Deception in Online Dating 111
In the Media TV and Lie Detection 112
Box 4.5 Detecting High-Stakes Lies 114
Box 4.6 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Leanne ten Brinke 115
Assessment of Malingering and Deception 116
Disorders of Deception 116
Explanatory Models of Malingering 118
How to Study Malingering 119
Malingered Psychosis 120
Box 4.7 Being Sane in Insane Places 121
Assessment Methods to Detect Malingered Psychosis 123
5 Eyewitness Testimony 126
Eyewitness Testimony: The Role of Memory 127
Box 5.1 Eyewitness Myths 128
Box 5.2 Canada’s Witness Protection Program 129
How do We Study Eyewitness Issues? 130
The Laboratory Simulation 130
Recall Memory 131
Interviewing Eyewitnesses 131
The Leading Question: The Misinformation Effect 132
Procedures That Help Police Interview Eyewitnesses 134
Hypnosis 134
The Cognitive Interview 135
In the Media Hypnotically Refreshed Memory Goes to Court, or Not 136
Recall of The Perpetrator 137
Quantity and Accuracy of Descriptions 137
Recognition Memory 139
Lineup Identification 139
Box 5.3 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Rod Lindsay 143
Voice Identification 145
Are Several Identifications Better Than One? 147
Are Confident Witnesses Accurate? 147
Estimator Variable Research in Recognition Memory 149
Expert Testimony on Eyewitness Issues 153
Public Policy Issues and Guidelines 154
Box 5.4 How Does a Case Go Wrong?
v. Sophonow (1986) 156
6 Child Victims and Witnesses 160
Box 6.1 Child Victims and Witnesses 161
History 162
Box 6.2 The Martensville Babysitting Case:
v. Sterling (1995) 163
Recall for Events 163
Free Recall versus Directed Questioning 164
Box 6.3 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Laura
Melnyk Gribble 165
Why Are Children More Suggestible Than Adults? 166
Anatomically Detailed Dolls 167
Other Techniques for Interviewing Children 169
Recall Memory Following a Long Delay 174
Box 6.4 Delayed Memory Goes to Court: v. Kliman (1998) 175
Can Traumatic Memories Be Forgotten? 176
Box 6.5 Delayed Prosecutions of Historic Child Sexual Abuse 177
Recall for People 178
Describing the Culprit 178
Recognition 180
Lineup Procedure and Identification Rates 180
Testifying in Court 182
Courtroom Accommodations 183
Child Maltreatment 184
Box 6.6 Discipline or Physical Abuse? R. v. Poulin (2002) 185
Risk Factors Associated with Child Maltreatment 187
Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Physical Abuse 187
Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Sexual Abuse 188
Box 6.7 Luring Children over the Internet: v. Symes (2005) 190
In the Media to Catch a Predator: Teenage Style 190
7 Juries: Fact Finders 193
Jury Selection in Canada 194
The Cases Heard by Juries 194
Jury Selection 195
Characteristics and Responsibilities of Juries in
Canada 196
Representativeness 196
Box 7.1 Was the Jury Racially Balanced?
v. Brown (2005) 197
Impartiality 198
Box 7.2 A Guilty Juror? R. v. Guess (1998) 198
Box 7.3 Cases Allowing a Challenge for Cause 202
Jury Functions 203
Ignoring the Law 203
Box 7.4 Two Cases of Jury Nullification 204
How do we Study Juror and Jury Behaviour? 205
Post-trial Interviews 205
Archives 205
Simulation 206
Field Studies 206
Box 7.5 Jurors and Juries 207
Reaching a Verdict 208
Listening to the Evidence 208
Disregarding Inadmissible Evidence 210
In the Media the CSI Effect 210
Judge’s Instructions 212
Jury Decision-Making Models 212
Deliberations 214
The Final Verdict 215
Predicting Verdicts 216
Demographic Variables 216
Personality Traits 218
Attitudes 219
Defendant Characteristics 219
Victim Characteristics 220
Expert Testimony 222
Box 7.6 When Law Meets Religion 223
Box 7.7 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Tara Burke 225
8 The Role of Mental Illness in Court 227
Presumptions in Canada’s Legal System 228
Fitness to Stand Trial 228
Box 8.1 Mental Illness and the Court 228
Raising the Issue of Fitness 230
How Many Defendants Are Referred for Fitness Evaluations? 231
Who Can Assess Fitness? 232
Fitness Instruments 232
Box 8.2 Fitness Instruments 233
Distinguishing between Fit and Unfit Defendants 234
How Is Fitness Restored? 235
What Happens after a Finding of Unfitness? 236
Box 8.3 Mentally Ill but Competent to Make
Treatment Decisions? Starson v. Swayze, (1999) 237
Mental State at Time of Offence 239
Box 8.4 Sportscaster Shot Dead by Patient with a Mental Illness 241
Raising the Issue of Insanity 242
Assessing Insanity 243
What Happens to a Defendant Found NCRMD? 243
Box 8.5 Police Officer Run Over by Snowplow 246
Automatism 247
Box 8.6 A Gas Company, a Tire Company, and a Case of Automatism 247
Box 8.7 Can Insults Lead to Automatism?
R v. Stone (1999) 248
How Do NCRMD and Automatism Differ? 249
Intoxication as a Defence 249
Defendants with Mental Disorders 250
In the Media What to Do with Mentally Ill
Offenders? 251
Why Are There Such High Rates of Mental Illness in Offender Populations? 252
Dealing with Offenders Who Are Mentally Ill 252
Bias against Mentally Ill Offenders 252
Are People with Mental Illnesses Violent? 253
Types of Offences Committed by People with Mental
Illnesses 254
Box 8.8 A Violent Crime Committed by a
Mentally Ill Man 255
Recidivism Rates and People with Mental Illnesses 255
Treatment of Offenders with Mental Disorders 256
A New Court For The Mentally Ill: The
Mental Health Courts 257
Perceptions of Mental Health Courts 258
Are Mental Health Courts Effective? 258
Box 8.9 Canadian Researcher Profile:
Dr. Mary Ann Campbell 259
9 Sentencing and Parole in Canada 262
The Structure of the Canadian Court
System 263
Aboriginal Courts 265
Sentencing in Canada 267
The Purposes of Sentencing 267
Box 9.1 Do Aboriginal Healing Lodges Reduce
Aboriginal Overrepresentation? 268
The Principles of Sentencing 269
Sentencing Options in Canada 270
Factors That Affect Sentencing Decisions 271
Box 9.2 Creative Sentencing Options 272
Sentencing Disparity 273
Are the Goals of Sentencing Achieved? 276
Box 9.3 Using Starting Point Sentences to
Increase Sentencing Uniformity: v. Arcand (2010) 277
Box 9.4 The Death Penalty in Canada: What
Does the Public Think? 278
What Works in Offender Treatment? 279
Parole in Canada 280
Types of Parole 280
In the Media Kelly Ellard Denied Day Parole 281
Parole Decision Making 282
Box 9.5 Parole in Canada 283
Box 9.6 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Ralph Serin 284
The Effectiveness of Parole Decisions in Canada 285
10 Risk Assessment 289
What is Risk Assessment? 290
Risk Assessments: When are They
Conducted? 291
Civil Setting 291
Criminal Settings 292
Types of Prediction Outcomes 293
The Base Rate Problem 294
A History of Risk Assessment 295
Methodological Issues 296
Judgment Error and Biases 297
Approaches to The Assessment of Risk 298
Box 10.1 Dr. Death: A Legendary (Notorious)
Forensic Psychiatrist 299
Types of Risk Factors 300
Box 10.2 Canadian Researcher Profile:
Dr. R. Karl Hanson 301
Important Risk Factors 302
Dispositional Factors 303
Box 10.3 Predicting Terrorism: Are There Unique
Risk Factors? 304
Historical Factors 305
Clinical Factors 306
Contextual Factors 307
Box 10.4 Risk Assessment 308
Risk-Assessment Instruments 308
Current Issues 310
Where Is the Theory? 310
Unique Sub-populations of Offenders 311
In the Media Ashley Smith: A Preventable Death? 313
Box 10.5 Are the Tools Valid? Ewert v. Canada (2015) 314
What about Protective Factors? 315
Risk Assessment: Risky Business? 315
Are Psychologists and Decision Makers Using the Scientific Research? 317
Why Do Some Individuals Stop Committing Crimes? 318
Box 10.6 Why Do High-Risk Violent Offenders
Stop Offending? 319
11 Psychopaths 321
Assessment of Psychopathy 322
Box 11.1 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Robert Hare 323
Box 11.2 Subclinical Psychopaths: University Samples 325
Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder 326
Forensic Use of Psychopathy 327
Psychopathy and Violence 328
Box 11.3 Psychopathy 329
Psychopaths in the Community 330
Psychopathy and Sexual Violence 331
In the Media Mean on the Screen: Media’s
Portrayal of Psychopaths 332
Psychopathy and Treatment 333
Box 11.4 Predatory Psychopath Prompts Change
in Legislation: Section 754—The “Faint
Hope Clause” 334
Psychopathy in Youth 335
Box 11.5 Psychopathy Label: The Potential for Stigma 336
Psychopathy: Nature Versus Nurture? 338
Does Family Matter? 339
Psychopathy and Law Enforcement 340
What Makes Them Tick? Cognitive and
Affective Models of Psychopathy 341
12 Assessment and Treatment of Young Offenders 345
Historical Overview 346
Naming Youth 348
Box 12.1 Teen Love, Not So Innocent? The
Stefanie Rengel Murder (2008) 349
In the Media Canada’s Youth Crime Legislation 350
Box 12.2 Young Offenders 351
Youth Crime Rates 352
Assessment of Young Offenders 355
Assessing Those under Age 12 355
Assessing the Adolescent 356
Rates of Behaviour Disorders in Youth 357
Box 12.3 Risk-Assessment Tools Used with Young
Offenders in Canada 358
Trajectories of Young Offenders 359
Theories to Explain Antisocial Behaviour 359
Biological Theories 359
Cognitive Theories 360
Social Theories 361
Risk Factors 362
Individual Risk Factors 362
Familial Risk Factors 363
School and Social Risk Factors 363
Box 12.4 Running Around with the Wrong
Crowd: A Look at Gangs 364
Protective Factors 365
Individual Protective Factors 366
Familial Protective Factors 366
Social/External Protective Factors 366
Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of
Young Offending 367
Primary Intervention Strategies 367
Box 12.5 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Leena Augimeri 370
Secondary Intervention Strategies 371
Tertiary Intervention Strategies 373
13 Intimate Partner Violence 375
Types of Violence and Measurement 376
Box 13.1 Intimate Partner Violence 378
Box 13.2 Husband Battering and Same-Sex
Battering Does Exist 379
Intimate Partners: A Risky Relationship 380
Theories of Intimate Violence 382
Social Learning Theory 383
Evolutionary Psychology Theory 383
Box 13.3 Canadian Researcher Profile:
Dr. Donald Dutton 384
Why Do Battered Women Stay? 385
Box 13.4 Battered Woman Syndrome: Should It
Be Admissible in Court? R. v. Lavallee (1990) 388
Box 13.5 Woman’s Best Friend: Pet Abuse and
Intimate Violence 389
A Heterogeneous Population: Typologies of
Male Batterers 390
Criminal Justice Response 391
Does Treatment of Male Batterers Work? 393
Box 13.6 The Correctional Service of Canada’s
Family Violence Prevention
Programs 394
Stalking: Definition, Prevalence, and
Typologies 397
In the Media Dangerous Fixations: Celebrity
Stalkers 400
14 Sexual Offenders 403
Nature and Extent of Sexual Violence 404
Definition of Sexual Assault 405
Consequences for Victims 406
Box 14.1 Sexual Assault 407
Classification of Sexual Offenders 407
Rapist Typologies 408
Box 14.2 Is Resisting a Sexual Attack a Good Idea? 408
Child Molester Typologies 410
Box 14.3 National Sex Offender Registry: Is It
Helping the Police to Locate Sex Offenders? 411
Adolescent Sexual Offenders 412
Female Sexual Offenders 412
Box 14.4 Sexual Objectification in Video Games
and Sexual Assault Myths: Is There a Link? 413
In the Media A Seemingly Normal Couple: The Facade
of Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka 415
Aboriginal Sex offenders 416
Theories of Sexual Aggression 417
Box 14.5 Canadian Researcher Profile:
Dr. Martin Lalumière 418
Assessment and Treatment of Sexual
Offenders 419
Denial, Minimizations, and Cognitive Distortions 419
Empathy 420
Social Skills 421
Substance Abuse 421
Deviant Sexual Interests 421
Relapse Prevention 422
Effectiveness of Treatment For Sexual Offenders 422
Box 14.6 Relapse Prevention with Sexual Offenders 423
15 Homicidal Offenders 427
Nature and Extent of Homicidal Violence 428
Bimodal Classification of Homicide 429
Types of Homicide 430
Filicide: When Parents Kill 430
In the Media Mothers Who Kill 433
Youth Who Kill 434
Box 15.1 The Youngest Convicted Multiple Murderer in Canada: The Case of
Jasmine Richardson 435
Spousal Killers 436
Sexual Homicide 437
Box 15.2 Canadian Researcher Profile: Dr. Eric Beauregard 439
Multiple Murderers 442
Serial Murder 442
Box 15.3 Serial Killers 443
Mass Murderers 446
Box 15.4 Canada’s Deadliest Mass Murder 446
Theories of Homicidal Aggression 447
Treatment of Homicidal Offenders 449
Glossary 453
References 459
Case/Legislation Index 506
Name Index 507
Subject Index 521