Health, Safety and Nutrition for the Young Child, 24th Edition
By Lynn R. Marotz
Contents:
Chapter 1 Children’s Well-Being: What It Is and How to Achieve It 2
1-1 The Preventive Health Concept 3
1-1a National Health Initiatives 4
1-2 Health, Safety, and Nutrition: An Interdependent
Relationship 8
1-2a What Is Health? 8
1-2b What Factors Influence Children’s Health? 9
1-2c Safety 10
1-2d Nutrition 10
1-3 Children’s Growth and Development 11
1-3a Growth 12
1-3b Development 14
1-4 Promoting a Healthy Lifestyle 17
1-4a Being Physically Active 18
1-4b Injury Prevention 18
1-4c Body Mechanics 19
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 1–1 Proper Body Mechanics for Adults 20
1-4d Oral Health 20
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 1–2 Promoting Children’s Tooth Brushing 21
1-4e Mental Health and Social-Emotional Competence 22
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 1–3 Strategies for Managing Teacher Stress 24
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 1–4 Strategies for Increasing Children’s
Resilient Behaviors 30
1-4f Resilient Children 31
Digital Download Partnering with Families Growing Your Child’s Brain 32
Classroom Corner 33 Summary 33 Terms to Know 34 Chapter
Review 34 Case Study 35 Application Activities 35 Stop
and Check Responses 35 Additional Resources to Explore 36
References 36
Chapter 2 Daily Health Observations 41
2-1 Promoting Children’s Well-Being 43
2-1a Gathering Information 43
2-2 Observation as a Screening Tool 44
2-3 Daily Health Checks 45
2-3a Method 45
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 2-1 Health Observation Checklist 45
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 2-2 Warning Signs of Potential Mental
Health Problems 46
2-3b Recording Observation Results 47
2-3c Confidentiality of Health Information 47
2-3d Health Observation Benefits 47
2-4 Family Involvement 48
2-4a The Family’s Responsibility 48
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 2-3 Supporting Family Referrals 49
2-5 Health Education 49
Digital Download Partnering with Families Promoting Children’s Oral Health 50
Classroom Corner 51 Summary 52 Terms to Know 52 Chapter
Review 52 Case Study 53 Application Activities 53 Stop
and Check Responses 54 Additional Resources to Explore 54
References 54
Chapter 3 Assessing Children’s Health 55
3-1 Children’s Health Records 56
3-1a Health History Questionnaire 57
3-1b Medical and Dental Examinations 58
3-2 Screening Procedures 59
3-2a Height and Weight 59
3-2b Body Mass Index 59
3-2c Vision 60
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 3-1 Early Signs of Visual Abnormalities in
Infants and Toddlers 61
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 3-2 Signs of Visual Acuity Problems in Older
Children 61
3-2d Hearing 65
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 3-3 Behavioral Indicators of Children’s
Hearing Loss 66
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 3-4 Early Signs of Hearing Loss in Infants
and Toddlers 67
3-2e Speech and Language 68
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 3-5 Strategies for Communicating with
Children Who Are Hearing-Impaired 69
3-2f Nutritional Status 71
3-3 Referrals 74
Digital Download Partnering with Families Children’s Eye Safety 75
Classroom Corner 76 Summary 77 Terms to Know 77
Chapter Review 77 Case Study 79 Application Activities 79
Stop and Check Responses 80 Additional Resources to Explore 80
References 80
Chapter 4 Caring for Children with Medical Conditions 83
4-1 Inclusive Education: Supporting Children’s Success 84
4-2 Common Chronic Diseases and Medical Conditions 85
4-2a Allergic Diseases 86
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 4-1 Cold or Allergy: How to Tell? 87
4-2b Asthma 91
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 4-2 Strategies for Managing Children’s
Asthma Attacks 92
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 4-3 Children with Allergies and Asthma 92
4-2c Anemia 93
4-2d Childhood Cancers 94
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 4-4 Children with Cancer 96
4-2e Diabetes 96
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 4-5 Children with Diabetes 98
4-2f Eczema 98
4-2g Excessive Fatigue 99
4-2h Lead Poisoning 100
4-2i Seizure Disorders 102
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 4-6 Strategies for Working with Children
Who Have a Seizure Disorder 102
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 4-7 Information to Include in a Child’s
Seizure Report 104
4-2j Sickle Cell Disease 105
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 4-8 Children with Sickle Cell Disease 106
Digital Download Partnering with Families Children with Medical Conditions
and Physical Activity 106
Classroom Corner 107 Summary 108 Terms to Know 108
Chapter Review 109 Case Study 109 Application Activities 110
Stop and Check Responses 110 Additional Resources To Explore 110
References 111
Chapter 5 The Infectious Process and Environmental Control 114
5-1 Risk Factors 115
5-2 Communicable Illness 115
5-3 Stages of Illness 117
5-4 Control Measures 118
5-4a Observations 118
5-4b Policies 119
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 5-1 Administering Medications to
Children 121
5-4c Immunization 123
5-4d Environmental Control 125
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 5-2 Universal Precautions for Handling
Body Fluids 126
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 5-3 How and When to Wash Hands 128
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 5-4 Sanitary Diapering Procedure 129
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 5-5 Readiness Indicators for Toilet
Learning/Training 130
5-4e Education 131
Digital Download Partnering with Families Administering Medication to
Children 132
Classroom Corner 132 Summary 133 Terms to Know 133
Chapter Review 134 Case Study 134 Application Activities 134
Stop and Check Responses 135 Additional Resources To Explore 135
References 136
Chapter 6 Childhood Illnesses:
Identification and Management 138
6-1 Common Communicable Childhood Illnesses 139
6-2 Common Acute Childhood Illnesses 147
6-2a Colds 147
6-2b Diaper Rash (Diaper Dermatitis) 148
6-2c Diarrhea 149
6-2d Dizziness 150
6-2e Earaches 150
6-2f Fainting 152
6-2g Fever 153
6-2h Headaches 155
6-2i Heat Rash 155
6-2j Lyme Disease 156
6-2k Sore Throat 156
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 6-1 Measures to Prevent Tick Bites 156
6-2l Stomachaches 157
6-2m Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) and Sudden
Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) 158
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 6-2 Practices to Reduce the Risk
of Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) and Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome (SIDS) 159
6-2n Teething 160
6-2o Toothache 160
6-2p Vomiting 161
6-2q West Nile Virus 162
Digital Download Partnering with Families When to Call the Doctor 163
Classroom Corner 163 Summary 165 Terms to Know 165
Chapter Review 165 Case Study 166 Application Activities 166
Stop and Check Responses 167 Additional Resources to Explore 167
References 167
Keeping Children Safe 171
Chapter 7 Creating High-Quality
Environments 172
7-1 Identifying High-Quality Programs 173
7-1a Educating Families 173
7-1b Resource and Referral Services 174
7-1c Professional Accreditation 174
7-2 Early Childhood Program Licensure 175
7-2a Obtaining a License 176
7-2b Federal Regulations 176
7-3 Features of High-Quality Programs 176
7-3a Teacher Preparation 177
7-3b Staffing Ratios 178
7-3c Group Size and Composition 178
7-3d Program Curriculum 179
7-3e Health Services 180
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 7-1 Principles of Emergency
Preparedness 181
7-4 Guidelines for Safe Environments 182
7-4a Indoor Safety 182
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 7-2 Teachers’ Safety Checklist: Indoor and
Outdoor Spaces 183
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 7-3 Inventory Checklist: Planning for
Program Security 189
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 7-4 How to Conduct a Fire Drill 190
7-4b Outdoor Safety 191
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 7-5 General Guidelines for Purchasing
Outdoor Play Equipment 194
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 7-6 Teacher Checklist: Sandbox Care and
Maintenance 195
7-4c Transportation 198
Digital Download Partnering with Families How to Identify High-Quality
Programs 200
Classroom Corner 201 Summary 201 Terms to Know 202
Chapter Review 202 Case Study 203 Application Activities 203
Stop and Check Responses 204 Additional Resources to Explore 204
References 204
Chapter 8 Safety Management 207
8-1 What Is Unintentional Injury? 208
8-2 Risk Management: Principles
and Preventive Measures 211
8-2a Advanced Planning 212
8-2b Establishing Safety Policies and Behavioral Guidelines 213
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 8–1 Guidelines for the Safe
Use of Play Equipment 213
8-2c Active Supervision 215
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 8–2 Positive Strategies for Managing
Children’s Inappropriate Behavior 215
8-2d Safety Education 216
8-3 Implementing Safety Practices 216
8-3a Toys and Equipment 217
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 8–3 Guidelines for Selecting Safe Toys and
Play Equipment 217
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 8–4 Examples of Appropriate Toy Choices
for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers 218
8-3b Classroom Activities 221
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 8–5 Guidelines for the Safe Use of Electrical
Appliances 222
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 8–6 Safe Substitutes for Hazardous Art
Materials 223
8-3c Field Trips 223
8-3d Pets 224
8-3e Teacher Safety 224
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 8–7 Personal Safety Practices for the Home
Visitor 225
8-3f Legal Considerations and Safety Management 225
8-4 Emergency and Disaster Preparedness 227
8-4a Planning for Disasters and Emergencies: Where to Begin 227
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 8–8 Emergency Supply Kit 229
8-4b Preparing for Action 229
8-4c Practice and Revise 230
8-4d Helping Children After A Disaster or Emergency 231
Digital Download Partnering with Families Sun Safety 232
Classroom Corner 232 Summary 233 Terms to Know 234
Chapter Review 234 Case Study 235 Application Activities 235
Stop and Check Responses 235 Additional Resources to Explore 236
References 236
Chapter 9 Management of Injuries
and Acute Illness 239
9-1 Responding to Medical Emergencies 240
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 9–1 Basic First Aid Supplies for
Schools 241
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 9–2 Modified First Aid Kits 241
9-2 Emergency Care vs. First Aid 242
9-3 Life-Threatening Conditions 243
9-3a Absence of Breathing and Pulse (CPR) 243
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 9–3 Foods Commonly Linked to Childhood
Choking 246
9-3b Foreign Body Airway Obstruction (Heimlich Maneuver) 246
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 9–4 Objects Commonly Linked to Childhood
Choking 246
9-3c Anaphylaxis: Life-Threatening Allergic Reaction 249
9-3d Shock 250
9-3e Asthma 250
9-3f Bleeding 251
9-3g Diabetes 251
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 9–5 Signs and Symptoms of Hyperglycemia
and Hypoglycemia 252
9-3h Drowning 252
9-3i Electrical Shock 253
9-3j Head Injuries 253
9-3k Poisoning 255
9-4 Non-Life-Threatening Conditions 256
9-4a Abrasions, Cuts, and Minor Skin Wounds 256
9-4b Bites 257
9-4c Blisters 258
9-4d Bruises 258
9-4e Burns 258
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 9–6 Teacher Checklist: Burns—When to Call
for Emergency Medical Assistance (911) 258
9-4f Eye Injuries 259
9-4g Fractures 260
9-4h Frostbite and Hypothermia 260
9-4i Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke 261
9-4j Nosebleeds 262
9-4k Seizures 263
9-4l Splinters 263
9-4m Sprains 263
9-4n Tick Bites 264
9-4o Tooth Emergencies 264
Digital Download Partnering with Families Poison Prevention in the
Home 264
Classroom Corner 265 Summary 266 Terms to Know 266
Chapter Review 266 Case Study 267 Application Activities 267
Stop and Check Responses 268 Additional Resources to Explore 268
References 269
Chapter 10 Adverse Childhood Experiences
(ACEs): Maltreatment 271
10-1 Historical Developments 272
10-2 Discipline vs. Punishment 273
10-3 Abuse and Neglect 274
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 10-1 Identifying Signs of Abuse and
Neglect 275
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 10-2 Identifying Symptoms of Common
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) 277
10-4 Understanding the Risk Factors for Maltreatment 280
10-4a Adult Perpetrators 280
10-4b Vulnerable Children 281
10-4c Family and Environmental Stresses 281
10-5 Protective Steps for Programs and Educators 282
10-5a Professional Development 282
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 10-3 Strategies for Positive Behavior
Management 283
10-6 Reporting Laws 283
10-6a Program Policy 284
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 10-4 What to Include in a Written Child
Abuse/Neglect Report 284
10-7 Trauma-Informed Practices and the
Teacher’s Role 285
10-7a Early Identification and Reporting 285
10-7b Creating Trauma-Supportive Environments 286
10-7c Fostering Children’s Resilience 287
10-7d Reaching Out to Families 288
Digital Download Partnering with Families Anger Management 289
Classroom Corner 290 Summary 291 Terms to Know 292
Chapter Review 292 Case Study 293 Application Activities 293
Stop and Check Responses 293 Additional Resources to Explore 294
References 294
Chapter 11 Planning for Children’s Health
and Safety Education 297
11-1 Family Involvement in Health
and Safety Education 298
11-2 Professional Development 299
11-3 Effective Instructional Design 300
11-3a Topic Selection 300
11-3b Behavioral Objectives 302
11-3c Content Presentation 303
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 11-1 How to Evaluate Printed Resource
Material 303
11-3d Assessment 304
11-4 Activity Lesson Plans 305
Digital Download Partnering with Families Evaluating Health and Safety
Information on the Internet 320
Classroom Corner 320 Summary 320 Terms to Know 321 Chapter
Review 321 Case Study 322 Application Activities 322 Stop
and Check Responses 323 Additional Resources to Explore 323
References 323
Unit 3 Foods and Nutrients: Basic Concepts
Chapter 12 Nutrition Guidelines 326
12-1 Dietary Reference Intakes 328
12-2 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 328
12-3 MyPlate 331
12-3a Vegetables 331
12-3b Fruits 332
12-3c Grains 333
12-3d Protein Foods 333
12-3e Dairy 334
12-3f Oils 335
12-3g Empty Calories 335
12-4 Additional Nutrition Guidelines 336
12-5 Food Labels 337
12-5a Calories from Fat 339
Digital Download Partnering with Families Reducing Children’s Sugar
Consumption 340
Classroom Corner 341 Summary 342 Terms to Know 342
Chapter Review 342 Case Study 343 Application Activities 343
Stop and Check Responses 344 Additional Resources to Explore 344
References 344
Chapter 13 Nutrients That Provide Energy
(Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins) 346
13-1 Food as an Energy Source 347
13-1a Energy Utilization 347
13-1b Excess Energy and Obesity 349
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 13-1 Health Improvement Tips for Children
Who Are Overweight 350
13-2 Carbohydrates as an Energy Source 350
13-2a Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates) 350
13-2b Starches and Dietary Fiber (Complex Carbohydrates) 353
13-3 Fats as an Energy Source 354
13-3a Saturated Fats 355
13-3b Unsaturated Fats 355
13-3c Proteins as Energy Sources 357
Digital Download Partnering with Families Healthy Families 357
Classroom Corner 358 Summary 358 Terms to Know 359
Chapter Review 359 Case Study 360 Application Activities 360
Stop and Check Responses 360 Additional Resources to Explore 361
References 359
Chapter 14 Nutrients That Promote Growth
and Regulate Body Functions 363
14-1 Children’s Nutrient Deficiencies 364
14-2 Proteins 365
14-2a Proteins for Growth 365
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 14-1 Plant-based Food Sources of Essential
Nutrients 367
14-2b Proteins as Regulators 368
14-2c Protein Requirements 368
14-3 Vitamins 369
14-3a Vitamins that Support Growth 372
14-3b Vitamins and Blood Formation 372
14-3c Vitamins that Regulate Bone Growth 373
14-3d Vitamins that Regulate Energy Metabolism 373
14-3e Vitamins that Regulate Neuromuscular Function 373
14-3f Vitamin Requirements 373
14-4 Minerals 374
14-4a Minerals that Support Cell Growth 374
14-4b Minerals that Build Bones and Teeth 376
14-4c Minerals and Blood Formation 376
14-4d Minerals that Regulate Energy 377
14-4e Minerals that Regulate Neuromuscular Function 377
14-5 Water and Growth 378
14-5a Water as a Regulator 378
14-6 Nutrient Functions: A Review Summary 378
Digital Download Partnering with Families A Weighty Problem: Sugary Drinks Or
Water? 380
Classroom Corner 380 Summary 381 Terms to Know 382
Chapter Review 382 Case Study 383 Application Activities 383
Stop and Check Responses 383 Additional Resources to Explore 384
References 384
Unit 4 Nutrition and the Young Child 387
Chapter 15 Feeding Infants 388
15-1 Profile of an Infant 389
15-2 Meeting the Infant’s Nutritional Needs for Growth
and Brain Development 389
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 15-1 Recommended Infant Meal
Pattern 390
15-2a Prenatal Influence on Infants’ Nutritional Needs
and Brain Development 390
15-2b The First 6 Months 391
15-2c The Teacher and the Breastfeeding Mother 393
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 15-2 Supporting the Nursing Mother 393
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 15-3 Thawing Frozen Breast Milk
Safely 394
15-2d The Teacher and the Formula-Fed Infant 394
15-2e Formula Preparation 394
15-3 The Feeding Relationship 395
15-3a Burping 397
15-3b Water 397
15-3c Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 397
15-4 Introducing Complementary Foods 398
15-4a Developmental Readiness 398
15-4b Physiological Readiness 398
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 15-4 Age-Related Infant Eating
Behaviors 399
15-4c Infants Who Have Special Needs 400
15-5 Common Feeding Concerns 401
15-5a Food Allergies 401
15-5b Colic 402
15-5c Vomiting and Diarrhea 402
15-5d Anemia 403
15-5e Baby Bottle Tooth Decay 403
15-5f Ear Infection 403
15-5g Obesity 403
15-5h Choking 404
15-5i Teething 404
15-5j Constipation 404
Digital Download Partnering with Families Feeding Your Infant 405
Classroom Corner 405 Summary 406 Terms to Know 406
Chapter Review 407 Case Study 407 Application Activities 408
Stop and Check Responses 408 Additional Resources to Explore 408
References 408
Chapter 16 Feeding Toddlers, Preschoolers,
and School-Age Children 411
16-1 Developmental Profiles: Toddlers, Preschoolers, and
School-Age Children 412
16-2 Feeding Toddlers 413
16-2a Foods To Serve and How Much 413
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 16-1 MyPlate Daily Food Group
Recommendations 414
16-2b Mealtime Patterns 415
16-2c Creating An Enjoyable Mealtime Environment 417
16-3 Feeding Preschoolers and School-Age Children 417
16-3a Guidelines for Feeding the Preschooler 418
16-3b Nutrient Requirements of School-Age Children 419
16-3c Feeding Children who have Special Needs 419
16-4 Promoting Healthy Eating Habits 420
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 16-2 Introducing New or Unfamiliar
Foods 421
16-5 Health Conditions Related to Dietary Patterns 421
16-5a Dental Caries 422
16-5b Obesity 422
16-5c Hypertension 423
16-5d Cardiovascular Disease 424
16-5e Diabetes 424
16-5f Common Feeding Challenges 424
Digital Download Partnering with Families Feeding Toddlers and Young
Children 427
Classroom Corner 428 Summary 429 Terms to Know 429
Chapter Review 429 Case Study 430 Application Activities 430
Stop and Check Responses 431 Additional Resources to Explore 431
References 431
Chapter 17 Meal Planning and Service 434
17-1 Menu Development 435
17-1a Well-Designed Menus Meet Children’s Nutritional Needs 435
17-1b Well-Designed Menus Meet Funding and/or Licensing
Requirements 437
17-1c Well-Designed Menus Are Appealing 442
17-1d Well-Designed Menus Include Familiar and New Foods 444
17-1e Steps in Menu Planning 445
17-2 Menu Style 448
17-3 Nutritious Snacks 449
17-3a Suitable Snack Foods 450
17-4 Meal Service 450
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 17-1 Making Mealtime a Pleasant
Experience 452
17-5 Planning the Menu within Budget 452
17-5a Menu Planning 452
17-5b Food Purchasing 453
17-5c Food Preparation 453
17-5d Food Service 454
17-5e Record keeping 454
Digital Download Partnering with Families Planning Healthy Meals 454
Classroom Corner 455 Summary 456 Terms to Know 457
Chapter Review 457 Case Study 458 Application Activities 458
Stop and Check Responses 459 Additional Resources to Explore 459
References 459
Chapter 18 Food Safety 461
18-1 Food-Related Illness 462
18-1a Foodborne Contaminants 463
18-1b Conditions that Promote Bacterial Growth 463
18-2 Measures to Keep Food Safe 464
18-2a Examine Food Carefully 465
18-2b Maintain Clean Conditions 465
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 18-1 Correct Hand Washing Technique 467
18-2c Separate Foods 469
18-2d Food Storage 469
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 18-2 Checklist for Evaluating Sanitary
Conditions in Food Service Areas 470
18-2e Cook and Serve Foods Correctly 474
18-2f Discard Spoiled Food 476
18-3 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point 476
18-4 Foodborne Illnesses 479
18-5 National and International Food
Supply Safeguards 479
18-5a Commercial Food Production 483
18-6 Teaching Children About Food Safety 484
Digital Download Partnering with Families Wash Those Hands! 485
Classroom Corner 486 Summary 487 Terms to Know 487
Chapter Review 487 Case Study 488 Application Activities 488
Stop and Check Responses 488 Additional Resources to Explore 489
References 489
Chapter 19 Nutrition Education: Rationale,
Concepts, and Lessons 491
19-1 Rationale for Teaching Children About Nutrition 492
19-1a The School’s Role in Children’s Nutrition Education 493
19-1b Family Involvement in Children’s Nutrition Education 494
19-2 Planning a Nutrition Education Program 494
19-2a Basic Nutrition Education Concepts 495
19-2b Planning Guidelines 497
19-2c Safety Considerations 498
19-3 Developing Nutrition Lesson Plans 500
19-4 Where Else Do Children Learn About Nutrition? 506
19-4a Family Influence 507
19-4b Teachers 507
19-4c Peer Groups 508
19-4d Television and the Media 509
Digital Download Partnering with Families More Fruits and Vegetables Please 509
Classroom Corner 510 Summary 510 Terms to Know 510
Chapter Review 510 Case Study 511 Application Activities 511
Stop and Check Responses 512 Additional Resources To Explore 512
Epilogue 514
Looking Ahead . . . Making a Difference 514
Appendices 516
A National Health Education Standards 517
B Monthly Calendar: Health, Safety, and Nutrition Observances 520
C Federal Nutrition Programs 523
D Children’s Book List 526
Glossary 532
Index 540