Introductory Circuit Analysis, Fourteenth Edition
By Robert L. Boylestad and Brian A. Olivari
Contents:
Chapter 1
Introduction 21
1.1 The Electrical/Electronics Industry 21
1.2 A Brief History 23
1.3 Units of Measurement 28
1.4 Systems of Units 29
1.5 Significant Figures, Accuracy, and Rounding Off 32
1.6 Powers of Ten 34
1.7 Fixed-Point, Floating-Point, Scientific, and Engineering Notation 38
1.8 Conversion Between Levels of Powers of Ten 40
1.9 Conversion Within and Between Systems of Units 42
1.10 Symbols 44
1.11 Conversion Tables 44
1.12 Calculators 45
1.13 Computer Analysis 49
Chapter 2
Voltage and Current 55
2.1 Introduction 55
2.2 Atoms and Their Structure 55
2.3 Voltage 58
2.4 Current 61
2.5 Voltage Sources 64
2.6 Ampere-Hour Rating 74
2.7 Battery Life Factors 75
2.8 Conductors and Insulators 77
2.9 Semiconductors 78
2.10 Ammeters and Voltmeters 78
2.11 Applications 81
Chapter 3
Resistance 89
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Resistance: Circular Wires 90
3.3 Wire Tables 93
3.4 Temperature Effects 96
3.5 Conductors and the Inferred Absolute Temperature (T ) i 96
3.6 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance 98
3.7 PPM/°C 99
3.8 Types of Resistors 99
3.9 Color Coding and Standard Resistor Values 104
3.10 Surface Mount Resistors 108
3.11 Conductance 109
3.12 Ohmmeters 110
3.13 Resistance: Metric Units 111
3.14 The Fourth Element—The Memristor 113
3.15 Superconductors 114
3.16 Thermistors 116
3.17 Photoconductive Cell 117
3.18 Varistors 117
3.19 Applications 118
Chapter 4
Ohm’s Law, Power, and Energy 127
4.1 Introduction 127
4.2 Ohm’s Law 127
4.3 Plotting Ohm’s Law 130
4.4 Power 133
4.5 Energy 135
4.6 Efficiency 139
4.7 Circuit Breakers, GFCIs, and Fuses 142
4.8 Applications 143
Chapter 5
Series dc Circuits 153
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 Series Resistors 154
5.3 Series Circuits 157
5.4 Power Distribution in a Series Circuit 163
5.5 Voltage Sources in Series 164
5.6 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 166
5.7 Voltage Division in a Series Circuit 170
5.8 Interchanging Series Elements 174
5.9 Notation 175
5.10 Ground Connection Awareness 180
5.11 Voltage Regulation and the Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources 181
5.12 Loading Effects of Instruments 186
5.13 Protoboards (Breadboards) 188
5.14 Applications 190
Chapter 6
Parallel dc Circuits 207
6.1 Introduction 207
6.2 Parallel Resistors 207
6.3 Parallel Circuits 217
6.4 Power Distribution in a Parallel Circuit 223
6.5 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 225
6.6 Current Divider Rule 229
6.7 Voltage Sources in Parallel 235
6.8 Open and Short Circuits 236
6.9 Voltmeter Loading Effects 239
6.10 Summary Table 241
6.11 Troubleshooting Techniques 242
6.12 Protoboards (Breadboards) 243
6.13 Applications 244
Chapter 7
Series-Parallel Circuits 261
7.1 Introduction 261
7.2 Series-Parallel Networks 262
7.3 Reduce and Return Approach 263
7.4 Block Diagram Approach 265
7.5 Descriptive Examples 269
7.6 Ladder Networks 277
7.7 Voltage Divider Supply (Unloaded and
Loaded) 279
7.8 Potentiometer Loading 282
7.9 Impact of Shorts and Open Circuits 284
7.10 Ammeter, Voltmeter, and Ohmmeter Design 287
7.11 Applications 291
Chapter 8
Methods of Analysis and Selected
Topics (dc) 305
8.1 Introduction 305
8.2 Current Sources 306
8.3 Branch-Current Analysis 312
8.4 Mesh Analysis (General Approach) 319
8.5 Mesh Analysis (Format Approach) 326
8.6 Nodal Analysis (General Approach) 330
8.7 Nodal Analysis (Format Approach) 338
8.8 Bridge Networks 342
8.9 Y-_ (T-_) and _-Y (_-T) Conversions 346
8.10 Applications 351
Chapter 9
Network Theorems 367
9.1 Introduction 367
9.2 Superposition Theorem 367
9.3 Thevenin’s Theorem 375
9.4 Norton’s Theorem 387
9.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 391
9.6 Millman’s Theorem 400
9.7 Substitution Theorem 403
9.8 Reciprocity Theorem 405
Chapter 10
Capacitors 415
10.1 Introduction 415
10.2 The Electric Field 415
10.3 Capacitance 417
10.4 Capacitors 421
10.5 Transients in Capacitive Networks:
The Charging Phase 434
10.6 Transients in Capacitive Networks:
The Discharging Phase 442
10.7 Initial Conditions 448
10.8 Instantaneous Values 451
10.9 Thevenin Equivalent: _ = RTHC 452
10.10 The Current iC 455
10.11 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel 457
10.12 Energy Stored by a Capacitor 461
10.13 Stray Capacitances 461
10.14 Applications 462
Chapter 11
Inductors 475
11.1 Introduction 475
11.2 Magnetic Field 475
11.3 Inductance 480
11.4 Induced Voltage _L 486
11.5 R-L Transients: The Storage Phase 488
11.6 Initial Conditions 491
11.7 R-L Transients: The Release Phase 493
11.8 Thevenin Equivalent: _ = L /RTh 498
11.9 Instantaneous Values 500
11.10 Average Induced Voltage: _Lav 501
11.11 Inductors in Series and in Parallel 503
11.12 Steady-State Conditions 504
11.13 Energy Stored by an Inductor 506
11.14 Applications 507
Chapter 12
Magnetic Circuits 519
12.1 Introduction 519
12.2 Magnetic Field 519
12.3 Reluctance 520
12.4 Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits 521
12.5 Magnetizing Force 521
12.6 Hysteresis 522
12.7 Ampere’s Circuital Law 526
12.8 Flux _ 527
12.9 Series Magnetic Circuits: Determining NI 527
12.10 Air Gaps 531
12.11 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits 533
12.12 Determining _ 535
12.13 Applications 537
Chapter 13
Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms 545
13.1 Introduction 545
13.2 Sinusoidal ac Voltage Characteristics and
Definitions 546
13.3 Frequency Spectrum 549
13.4 The Sinusoidal Waveform 553
13.5 General Format for the Sinusoidal Voltage or
Current 557
13.6 Phase Relations 560
13.7 Average Value 566
13.8 Effective (rms) Values 572
13.9 Converters and Inverters 578
13.10 ac Meters and Instruments 581
13.11 Applications 584
Chapter 14
The Basic Elements and Phasors 595
14.1 Introduction 595
14.2 Response of Basic R, L, and C Elements to a Sinusoidal Voltage or Current 598
14.3 Frequency Response of the Basic Elements 605
14.4 Average Power and Power Factor 611
14.5 Complex Numbers 617
14.6 Rectangular Form 617
14.7 Polar Form 618
14.8 Conversion Between Forms 619
14.9 Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers 621
14.10 Calculator Methods with Complex Numbers 627
14.11 Phasors 629
Chapter 15
Series ac Circuits 641
15.1 Introduction 641
15.2 Resistive Elements 642
15.3 Inductive Elements 643
15.4 Capacitive Elements 645
15.5 Impedance Diagram 647
15.6 Series Configuration 648
15.7 Voltage Divider Rule 655
15.8 Frequency Response for Series ac Circuits 658
15.9 Summary: Series ac Circuits 671
15.10 Phase Measurements 671
15.11 Applications 674
Chapter 16
Parallel ac Circuits 685
16.1 Introduction 685
16.2 Total Impedance 685
16.3 Total Admittance 687
16.4 Parallel ac Networks 691
16.5 Current Divider Rule (CDR) 698
16.6 Frequency Response of Parallel Elements 698
16.7 Summary: Parallel ac Networks 708
16.8 Equivalent Circuits 709
16.9 Applications 714
Chapter 17
Series-Parallel ac Networks 725
17.1 Introduction 725
17.2 Illustrative Examples 725
17.3 Ladder Networks 735
17.4 Grounding 736
17.5 Applications 739
Chapter 18
Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (ac) 747
18.1 Introduction 747
18.2 Independent Versus Dependent (Controlled) Sources 747
18.3 Source Conversions 748
18.4 Mesh Analysis 751
18.5 Nodal Analysis 759
18.6 Bridge Networks (ac) 770
18.7 Δ-Y, Y-Δ Conversions 775
Chapter 19
Network Theorems (ac) 787
19.1 Introduction 787
19.2 Superposition Theorem 787
19.3 Thevenin’s Theorem 795
19.4 Norton’s Theorem 807
19.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 813
19.6 Substitution, Reciprocity, and Millman’s Theorems 817
19.7 Application 818
Chapter 20
Power (ac) 831
20.1 Introduction 831
20.2 General Equation 831
20.3 Resistive Circuit 832
20.4 Apparent Power 834
20.5 Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power 836
20.6 Capacitive Circuit 839
20.7 The Power Triangle 841
20.8 The Total P, Q, and S 843
20.9 Power-Factor Correction 848
20.10 Power Meters 853
20.11 Effective Resistance 853
20.12 Applications 856
Chapter 21
Resonance 865
21.1 Introduction 865
21.2 Series Resonant Circuit 867
21.3 The Quality Factor (Q) 870
21.4 ZT Versus Frequency 872
21.5 Selectivity 873
21.6 V , V , and V R L C 876
21.7 Practical Considerations 878
21.8 Summary 878
21.9 Examples (Series Resonance) 879
21.10 Parallel Resonant Circuit 881
21.11 Selectivity Curve for Parallel Resonant Circuits 885
21.12 Effect of Q _ 10 l 888
21.13 Summary Table 891
21.14 Examples (Parallel Resonance) 892
21.15 Applications 899
Chapter 22
Decibels, Filters, and Bode Plots 909
22.1 Introduction 909
22.2 Properties of Logarithms 914
22.3 Decibels 915
22.4 Filters 921
22.5 R-C Low-Pass Filter 922
22.6 R-C High-Pass Filter 927
22.7 Band-Pass Filters 930
22.8 Band-Stop Filters 934
22.9 Double-Tuned Filter 936
22.10 Other Filter Configurations 938
22.11 Bode Plots 941
22.12 Sketching the Bode Response 948
22.13 Additional Properties of Bode Plots 953
22.14 Crossover Networks 960
22.15 Applications 961
Chapter 23
Transformers 973
23.1 Introduction 973
23.2 Basic Operation 973
23.3 Reflected Impedance and Power 979
23.4 Impedance Matching, Isolation, and Displacement 981
23.5 Equivalent Circuit (Iron-Core Transformer) 986
23.6 Frequency Considerations 989
23.7 Series Connection of Mutually Coupled Coils 990
23.8 Air-Core Transformer 993
23.9 Nameplate Data 995
23.10 Types of Transformers 997
23.11 Tapped and Multiple-Load Transformers 999
23.12 Networks with Magnetically Coupled Coils 1000
23.13 Current Transformers 1001
23.14 Applications 1002
Chapter 24
Polyphase Systems 1015
24.1 Introduction 1015
24.2 Three-Phase Generator 1016
24.3 Y-Connected Generator 1017
24.4 Phase Sequence (Y-Connected Generator) 1019
24.5 Y-Connected Generator with a Y-Connected Load 1021
24.6 Y-_ System 1023
24.7 _-Connected Generator 1025
24.8 Phase Sequence (_-Connected Generator) 1026
24.9 _-_ _-Y Three-Phase Systems 1026
24.10 Power 1028
24.11 Three-Wattmeter Method 1034
24.12 Two-Wattmeter Method 1035
24.13 Unbalanced, Three-Phase, Four-Wire,
Y-Connected Load 1038
24.14 Unbalanced, Three-Phase, Three-Wire,
Y-Connected Load 1040
24.15 Residential and Industrial Service Distribution
Systems 1043
Chapter 25
Pulse Waveforms and the R-C
Response 1055
25.1 Introduction 1055
25.2 Ideal Versus Actual 1055
25.3 Pulse Repetition Rate and Duty Cycle 1059
25.4 Average Value 1062
25.5 Transient R-C Networks 1063
25.6 R-C Response to Square-Wave Inputs 1066
25.7 Oscilloscope Attenuator and Compensating
Probe 1073
25.8 Application 1075
Chapter 26
Nonsinusoidal circuits 1081
26.1 Introduction 1081
26.2 Fourier Series 1082
26.3 Fourier Expansion of a Square Wave 1089
26.4 Fourier Expansion of a Half-Wave Rectified
Waveform 1091
26.5 Fourier Spectrum 1092
26.6 Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Input 1093
26.7 Addition and Subtraction of Nonsinusoidal
Waveforms 1099
Appendices 1105
Appendix A
Conversion Factors 1106
Appendix B
Determinants 1109
Appendix C
Greek Alphabet 1117
Appendix D
Magnetic Parameter Conversions 1118
Appendix E
Maximum Power Transfer Conditions 1119
Appendix F
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems 1121
Index 1130