Public Speaking: Choices and Responsibility, 4th Edition PDF by William M Keith and Christian O Lundberg

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Public Speaking: Choices and Responsibility, Fourth Edition

By William M. Keith and Christian O. Lundberg

Public Speaking Choices and Responsibility, 4th Edition

Contents:

Preface ix

Part 1 Fundamentals of Good Speaking 1

1 Public Speaking 2

Introduction: Why Learn Public Speaking? 3

Speech Is Powerful 4

The Power of Public Speaking to Change the World 4

The Power of Speeches to Change Your World 4

Speaking Connects You to Others:

The Democracy in Everyday Life 5

The Conversational Framework 6

Public Speaking Across Cultures 8

The Communication Process 9

The Public in Public Speaking 10

Speakers Make Choices 12

Preparation 13

Informing 14

Persuading 14

The Speaking Process: Preparing

and Performing 16

Thinking Through Your Choices 17

Your Responsibilities

(Chapter 2) 17

Your Audience

(Chapters 3, 4) 17

Your Goals (Chapter 5) 19

Creating Your First

Speech 19

Informing and Arguing (Chapters 11, 12) 19

Research (Chapter 6) 20

Organizing (Chapter 7) 20

Finding the Words (Chapter 8) 21

Giving Your First Speech 22

Delivering the Speech (Chapters 9 and 10) 22

Overcoming Anxiety (Chapter 9) 22

Presentation Aids (Chapter 10) 23

Making Responsible Choices 23

Good Speeches Are the Result of Choices 23

Taking Responsibility Means Respecting the Audience 24

2

Speaking for the Common Good:

The Ethics of the Responsible Speaker 26

Introduction: Why Civility Matters

in Public Speaking 27

Civility Breakdowns in Public Speaking 29

Deceptive Speech 31

Coercive Speech 31

Inappropriately Biased Speech 32

Poorly Reasoned Speech 33

Fake News? 34

Seven Principles of Civil Public Speaking 35

Be Honest 35

Be Transparent 36

Be Generous 36

Be Balanced 36

Represent Evidence Responsibly 37

Take Appropriate Risks 37

Choose Engagement 38

How to Avoid

Plagiarism 38

How to Create a Civil and

Ethical Speech 40

Respect Your Audience 40

Respect Your Topic 42

Respect Other Views and Treat Them Fairly 43

Avoiding Fallacies and Prejudicial Appeals 44

Name Calling 45

Glittering Generalities 45

Inappropriate Testimonials 45

Plain-Folks Appeals 45

Card Stacking 46

Bandwagoning 46

3 Understanding Audiences and Publics 48

Introduction: Those People Sitting in Front

of You 49

Audience Analysis 50

The Literal Audience 51

Problems with the Demographic Approach 52

The Rhetorical Audience 53

The “As” Test 53

From “Me” to “Us” 55

Types of Rhetorical Audiences 56

Adapting Your Speech to Your

Audience 57

Identify Common Interests 57

Make the Most of Shared Experience 57

Work from Common

Premises 57

Be Directive 57

Two Views of the Audience:

Marketing vs.

Engagement 59

Marketing 60

Engagement 60

The Audience and the Public 61

Advancing the Public Conversation 62

Your Ethical Responsibilities to Your

Audience 62

4 Becoming a Skilled Listener 66

Introduction: Public Hearing and Listening 67

Types of Listening 68

Passive Listening 68

Active Listening 68

Critical Listening 71

The Ethics of Listening 73

Obstacles to Good Listening 75

Distractions 75

Your Mental Zone 76

Taking Good Notes 77

Giving Constructive and

Useful Feedback 79

Criticize Speeches, Not

People 81

Be Specific 81

Focus on What Can Be

Changed 81

Be Communication-Sensitive 81

Part 2 Creating a Great Speech 85

5 Topic and Purpose 86

Introduction: Picking a Topic and Defining

Your Purpose 87

A Strategy for Picking a Topic 87

What Interests You? 89

What Will Interest Your Audience? 89

What Is the Occasion? 90

What Is Your Purpose? 91

What Is Your Thesis? 92

Finding a Topic Among Your Interests 92

What Do You Already Know or Care About? 92

What Do You Want to Know More About? 93

Brainstorming 94

Choosing One of Your Topic Ideas 95

How to Focus Your Topic

for Your Audience 96

Geography or Location 96

Past, Present, or Future 97

Typical Audience

Interests 97

Speaking Purposes and

Speaking Situations 97

General Purposes of Speeches 98

Types of Speaking Situations 98

Time Constraints 100

The Thesis Statement: Putting Your Topic

and Purpose into Words 101

6 Research 105

Introduction: Becoming an Expert 106

Researching Responsibly 107

The Research Process 108

Figuring Out What You Already Know 108

Designing a Research Strategy 109

Deciding Where to Go 110

Making a Methodical Search 111

How to Conduct an Online Search 112

Creating Search Terms 112

Focusing Your Search 114

Gathering Your Materials 115

Reading Your Materials and Taking Notes 116

Evaluating Sources 118

Blogs and Vlogs 119

News Articles 120

Opinion or Advocacy

Pieces 120

Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed

Articles 120

Wikis 120

Websites and Web Pages 121

Revising Your Claims 121

Organizing Your Research Information 121

Choosing the Sources for Your Speech 122

Citing Your Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism 123

Getting Help from a Research Expert 124

7 Organization 126

Introduction: Getting Organized 127

The Basic Three-Part Structure 128

The Introduction 129

Functions of an Effective Introduction 129

Elements of the Introduction 130

Inverted Pyramid Example 130

Sunday Feature Example 131

Sunday Feature Example 2 131

The Body 132

Functions of the Body 133

The Conclusion 135

Functions of the Conclusion 136

Elements of the Conclusion 136

Patterns of Organization 137

Chronological 138

Spatial 139

Cause and Effect 140

Problem–Solution 141

Topical 143

Monroe’s Motivated

Sequence 143

Attention 144

Need 144

Satisfaction 145

Visualization 145

Action 145

Combination Patterns 146

Choosing the Order of Points: Primacy vs. Recency 147

Arranging Your Supporting Materials 147

Outlining 148

Outline Structure 149

Preparation and Delivery Outlines 150

Part 3 Presenting a Great Speech 153

8 Verbal Style 154

Introduction: What Is Verbal Style,

and Why Does It Matter? 155

Characteristics of Effective Style 155

Concrete and Lively Language 156

Respectful Language 157

Classifying Verbal Style: Figures and

Tropes 158

Figures 159

Figures of Repetition 159

Figures of Contrast 161

Tropes 164

Tropes of Comparison:

Metaphor and Simile 164

The Trope of Substitution:

Metonymy 166

Tropes of Exaggeration: Overstatement

and Understatement 166

The Trope of Voice: Personification 167

Matching the Style to the Topic and the

Occasion 167

9 Delivery 170

Introduction: Deliver the Goods 171

Speaking or Talking? 172

Creating Focus and Energy from Your

Anxiety 172

Types of Preparation and Delivery 175

Speaking from Memory 175

Speaking from Manuscript 175

Extemporaneous Speaking 175

Impromptu Speaking 176

Staying on Time 176

Types of Speaking Aids 177

Using Your Voice Effectively 178

Volume 178

Speed 180

Articulation 180

Inflection 180

Using Your Body Effectively 181

Presenting Yourself 182

Moving 182

Using Gestures 183

Language and

Discrimination 184

How to Practice Delivering

Your Speech 184

Practice, All the Way

Through, at Least Four

Times 185

Practice in Front of an

Audience 185

Practice Making Mistakes 185

Breathe, Breathe, Breathe 186

Answering Questions from the Audience 186

Anticipating Questions 186

Interpreting the Questions 187

Giving Your Answers 187

Group Presentations 188

Cooperation 189

Coordination 190

Delivering the Group Presentation 191

Rehearsing the Group Presentation 192

10 Using Technology for Presentations 194

Introduction: Technology for Presenting

Yourself and Your Ideas 195

Comparing Online and In-Person

Presentations 196

What’s Different Virtually? 196

What’s Not Different Virtually? 197

Technology Considerations

for Online Presentations 197

Setup 197

Platform 198

Close Up or Far Delivery 198

Preparing Your Screen Environment 198

Lighting 198

Framing 200

Background 200

Preparing to Present Online 200

Know Your Technology 201

Optimize Your Tools 201

Choose Framing and Lighting 201

Choose Your Speaking Configuration 203

Practice Realistically 203

Why Use Presentation

Aids? 204

Principles for Integrating

Presentation Aids 205

Visual Elements 208

Pictures and Photos 208

Charts and Graphs 210

Maps and Diagrams 213

Text 215

Paper Media 215

Handouts—What Are Your Choices? 216

Useful Handouts 217

Posters and Flip Charts 217

Presentation Software 218

Delivering Your Speech with Presentation

Aids 221

Preparing to Use Digital Media 222

Developing a Backup Plan for Digital Media 222

Tropes of Exaggeration: Overstatement

and Understatement 166

The Trope of Voice: Personification 167

Matching the Style to the Topic and the

Occasion 167

9 Delivery 170

Introduction: Deliver the Goods 171

Speaking or Talking? 172

Creating Focus and Energy from Your

Anxiety 172

Types of Preparation and Delivery 175

Speaking from Memory 175

Speaking from Manuscript 175

Extemporaneous Speaking 175

Impromptu Speaking 176

Staying on Time 176

Types of Speaking Aids 177

Using Your Voice Effectively 178

Volume 178

Speed 180

Articulation 180

Inflection 180

Using Your Body Effectively 181

Presenting Yourself 182

Moving 182

Using Gestures 183

Language and

Discrimination 184

How to Practice Delivering

Your Speech 184

Practice, All the Way

Through, at Least Four

Times 185

Practice in Front of an

Audience 185

Practice Making Mistakes 185

Breathe, Breathe, Breathe 186

Answering Questions from the Audience 186

Anticipating Questions 186

Interpreting the Questions 187

Giving Your Answers 187

Group Presentations 188

Cooperation 189

Coordination 190

Delivering the Group Presentation 191

Rehearsing the Group Presentation 192

10 Using Technology for Presentations 194

Introduction: Technology for Presenting

Yourself and Your Ideas 195

Comparing Online and In-Person

Presentations 196

What’s Different Virtually? 196

What’s Not Different Virtually? 197

Technology Considerations

for Online Presentations 197

Setup 197

Platform 198

Close Up or Far Delivery 198

Preparing Your Screen Environment 198

Lighting 198

Framing 200

Background 200

Preparing to Present Online 200

Know Your Technology 201

Optimize Your Tools 201

Choose Framing and Lighting 201

Choose Your Speaking Configuration 203

Practice Realistically 203

Why Use Presentation

Aids? 204

Principles for Integrating

Presentation Aids 205

Visual Elements 208

Pictures and Photos 208

Charts and Graphs 210

Maps and Diagrams 213

Text 215

Paper Media 215

Handouts—What Are Your Choices? 216

Useful Handouts 217

Posters and Flip Charts 217

Presentation Software 218

Delivering Your Speech with Presentation

Aids 221

Preparing to Use Digital Media 222

Developing a Backup Plan for Digital Media 222

Part 4 Kinds of Speeches 225

11 Informative Speaking 226

Introduction: Telling It Like It Is 227

Approaches to Informative Speaking 228

Present New Information 229

Reframing 230

Generate Positive or Negative Feelings 231

How to Choose an Informative Goal 232

Responsibilities of the Informative Speaker 233

Topics for Informative Speeches 235

Objects 236

Events 237

People 237

Processes 238

Ideas 238

Techniques of Informative

Speaking 239

Defining 241

Describing 242

Explaining 243

Choices That Make

Information Effective 244

Keep It Simple 244

Make Supporting Material

Effective 245

Connect Your Topic to Your Audience 246

Organize to Inform—and Captivate 246

Choose Effective Language 247

12 Being Persuasive 249

Introduction: Giving the Audience Proofs 250

Ethos: Why Audiences Should Believe You 252

Classical Dimensions of Ethos 253

Why Are You Speaking on This Topic? 254

Pathos: The Framework of Feelings 254

Appeals to Positive Emotions 255

Fear and Other Negative Appeals 256

Framing 257

Logos: Who Needs an Argument? 258

Making Connections: The Process of

Reasoning 260

Types of Arguments 261

Arguments from Examples (Inductive Reasoning) 261

Formal Arguments (Deductive Reasoning) 262

Causal Arguments 263

Arguments from

Analogy 264

Arguments from Signs 265

Arguments from

Authority 265

When Reasons Go

Bad 266

Fallacies of Appeal 266

Fallacies of Causation 268

Inductive Fallacies 269

Begging the Question: The Fallacy

of Circular Reasoning 271

What About the Other Side? Dealing

with Counterarguments 272

Why Addressing Counterarguments Is Persuasive 272

Tips for Dealing with Counterarguments 272

13

Special Types of Speeches

and Presentations 276

Introduction: Adapting Your Skills to

New Challenges 277

Speeches at Life Transitions 277

Toasts 278

Eulogy 280

Graduation 282

Speeches at Ceremonies 285

Introducing a Speaker 285

After-Dinner Speaking 286

Presenting an Award 287

Expanding Your Speaking

Opportunities 288

Lightning Talks 288

Story Slam/Poetry Slam 291

Appendix 1: Sample Speeches 295

Informative Speech 295

Why Laughter Is the Best Medicine 295

Persuasive Speech 297

Statement to the Iowa House Judiciary Committee 297

Special Occasion Speech 298

“I Am an African.” (Statement on Behalf of the African

National Congress, on the Occasion of the Adoption by the

Constitutional Assembly of the Republic of South Africa

Constitution Bill) 298

Appendix 2: Sample Outlines 302

Informative Speech Outline 302

Why Laughter Is the Best Medicine 302

Persuasive Speech Outline 304

Statement to the Iowa House Judiciary Committee 304

Special Occasion Speech Outline 306

Statement on Behalf of the African National Congress, on the

Occasion of the Adoption by the Constitutional Assembly of

the Republic of South Africa Constitution Bill 1996 306

Endnotes 309

Glossary 315

Index 319

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