Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Twelfth Edition
By Elaine N. Marieb and Lori A. Smith
Contents:
THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION
The Language of Anatomy 19
1 Locating Body Regions 21
2 Practicing Using Correct Anatomical Terminology 22
3 Observing Sectioned Specimens 24
4 Identifying Organs in the Abdominopelvic
Cavity 27
5 Locating Abdominopelvic Surface Regions 28
Review Sheet 29
Organ Systems Overview 33
1 Observing External Structures 35
2 Examining the Oral Cavity 35
3 Opening the Ventral Body Cavity 35
4 Examining the Ventral Body Cavity 36
5 Examining the Human Torso Model 40
Review Sheet 41
THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USES
The Microscope 43
1 Identifying the Parts of a Microscope 44
2 Viewing Objects Through the Microscope 45
3 Estimating the Diameter of the Microscope Field 48
4 Perceiving Depth 49
5 Preparing and Observing a Wet Mount 49
Review Sheet 51
THE CELL
The Cell: Anatomy and Division 55
1 Identifying Parts of a Cell 56
2 Identifying Components of a Plasma Membrane 57
3 Locating Organelles 58
4 Examining the Cell Model 58
5 Observing Various Cell Structures 59
6 Identifying the Mitotic Stages 61
7 “Chenille Stick” Mitosis 61
Review Sheet 65
The Cell: Transport Mechanisms
and Cell Permeability 69
1 Observing Diffusion of Dye Through
Agar Gel 71
2 Observing Diffusion of Dye Through Water 72
3 Investigating Diffusion and Osmosis Through
Nonliving Membranes 72
4 Observing Osmometer Results 74
5 Investigating Diffusion and Osmosis Through
Living Membranes 74
6 Observing the Process of Filtration 77
7 Observing Phagocytosis 78
Review Sheet 79
HISTOLOGY: BASIC TISSUES
OF THE BODY
Classification of Tissues 83
1 Examining Epithelial Tissue Under the
Microscope 85
2 Examining Connective Tissue Under the
Microscope 91
3 Examining Nervous Tissue Under the
Microscope 97
4 Examining Muscle Tissue Under the
Microscope 98
Review Sheet 101
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The Integumentary System 107
1 Locating Structures on a Skin Model 108
2 Identifying Nail Structures 111
3 Comparing Hairy and Relatively Hair-Free
Skin Microscopically 112
4 Differentiating Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
Microscopically 114
5 Plotting the Distribution of Sweat Glands 114
6 Taking and Identifying Inked Fingerprints 115
Review Sheet 117
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Overview of the Skeleton: Classification
and Structure of Bones and
Cartilages 121
1 Examining a Long Bone 125
2 Examining the Effects of Heat and Hydrochloric
Acid on Bones 126
3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Compact
Bone 127
4 Examining the Osteogenic Epiphyseal Plate 128
Review Sheet 129
The Axial Skeleton 133
1 Identifying the Bones of the Skull 134
Group Challenge Odd Bone Out 143
2 Palpating Skull Markings 144
3 Examining Spinal Curvatures 145
4 Examining Vertebral Structure 149
5 Examining the Relationship Between Ribs and
Vertebrae 151
6 Examining a Fetal Skull 152
Review Sheet 153
The Appendicular Skeleton 161
1 Examining and Identifying Bones of the
Appendicular Skeleton 161
2 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral
Girdle and the Upper Limb 164
3 Observing Pelvic Articulations 167
4 Comparing Male and Female Pelves 169
5 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pelvic
Girdle and Lower Limb 173
6 Constructing a Skeleton 174
Review Sheet 175
Articulations and Body
Movements 183
1 Identifying Fibrous Joints 184
2 Identifying Cartilaginous Joints 184
3 Examining Synovial Joint Structure 186
4 Demonstrating the Importance of Friction-
Reducing Structures 186
5 Demonstrating Movements of Synovial
Joints 188
6 Demonstrating Actions at the Hip Joint 191
7 Demonstrating Actions at the Knee Joint 191
8 Demonstrating Actions at the Shoulder
Joint 193
9 Examining the Action at the TMJ 194
Review Sheet 197
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Microscopic Anatomy and Organization
of Skeletal Muscle 201
1 Examining Skeletal Muscle Cell Anatomy 204
2 Observing the Histological Structure of a
Skeletal Muscle 204
3 Studying the Structure of a Neuromuscular
Junction 206
Review Sheet 207
Gross Anatomy of the Muscular
System 211
1 Identifying Head and Neck Muscles 213
2 Identifying Muscles of the Trunk 213
3 Identifying Muscles of the Upper Limb 227
4 Identifying Muscles of the Lower Limb 232
5 Review of Human Musculature 236
6 Making a Muscle Painting 238
Review Sheet 241
Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Frogs
and Human Subjects 249
1 Observing Muscle Fiber Contraction 250
2 Inducing Contraction in the Frog Gastrocnemius
Muscle 252
3 Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue in Humans 257
4 Electromyography in a Human Subject Using
BIOPAC® 258
Review Sheet 265
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Histology of Nervous Tissue 269
1 Identifying Parts of a Neuron 272
2 Studying the Microscopic Structure of Selected
Neurons 274
3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of a
Nerve 276
Review Sheet 277
Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses:
Frog Subjects 281
1 Stimulating the Nerve 284
Instructors may download two additional
lab activities: Inhibiting the Nerve and
Visualizing the Compound Action Potential
with an Oscilloscope. Instructors, please go to
Mastering A&P™ > Instructor Resources >
Additional Resources > Additional Exercises
Review Sheet 285
Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial
Nerves 287
1 Identifying External Brain Structures 289
2 Identifying Internal Brain Structures 291
3 Identifying and Testing the Cranial Nerves 296
Group Challenge Odd (Cranial) Nerve Out 304
Review Sheet 305
Electroencephalography 311
1 Observing Brain Wave Patterns Using an
Oscilloscope or Physiograph 312
2 Electroencephalography Using BIOPAC® 313
Review Sheet 317
The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 319
1 Identifying Structures of the Spinal Cord 320
2 Identifying Spinal Cord Tracts 323
3 Identifying the Major Nerve Plexuses and
Peripheral Nerves 330
Review Sheet 331
The Autonomic Nervous System 335
1 Locating the Sympathetic Trunk 336
2 Comparing Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Effects 338
3 Exploring the Galvanic Skin Response
(Electrodermal Activity) Within a Polygraph Using
BIOPAC® 338
Review Sheet 345
Human Reflex Physiology 347
1 Initiating Stretch Reflexes 349
2 Initiating the Crossed-Extensor Reflex 351
3 Initiating the Plantar Reflex 351
4 Initiating the Corneal Reflex 352
5 Initiating the Gag Reflex 352
6 Initiating Pupillary Reflexes 352
7 Initiating the Ciliospinal Reflex 353
8 Initiating the Salivary Reflex 353
9 Testing Reaction Time for Intrinsic and Learned
Reflexes 354
10 Measuring Reaction Time Using BIOPAC® 355
Review Sheet 357
General Sensation 361
1 Studying the Structure of Selected Sensory
Receptors 363
2 Determining the Two-Point Threshold 364
3 Testing Tactile Localization 365
4 Demonstrating Adaptation of Touch
Receptors 365
5 Demonstrating Adaptation of Temperature
Receptors 365
6 Demonstrating the Phenomenon of Referred
Pain 366
Review Sheet 367
Special Senses: Anatomy of the Visual
System 369
1 Identifying Accessory Eye Structures 371
2 Identifying Internal Structures of the Eye 371
3 Studying the Microscopic Anatomy of the
Retina 372
4 Predicting the Effects of Visual Pathway
Lesions 376
Review Sheet 377
Special Senses: Visual Tests and
Experiments 381
1 Demonstrating the Blind Spot 382
2 Determining Near Point of Vision 383
3 Testing Visual Acuity 384
4 Testing for Astigmatism 384
5 Testing for Color Blindness 385
6 Testing for Depth Perception 385
7 Demonstrating Reflex Activity of Intrinsic and
Extrinsic Eye Muscles 386
8 Conducting an Ophthalmoscopic
Examination 387
Review Sheet 389
Special Senses: Hearing and
Equilibrium 391
1 Identifying Structures of the Ear 392
2 Examining the Ear with an Otoscope
(Optional) 394
3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
Cochlea 395
4 Conducting Laboratory Tests of Hearing 396
5 Audiometry Testing 398
6 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the Crista
Ampullaris 399
7 Conducting Laboratory Tests on Equilibrium 400
Review Sheet 403
Special Senses: Olfaction and Taste 407
1 Microscopic Examination of the Olfactory
Epithelium 409
2 Microscopic Examination of Taste Buds 410
3 Stimulating Taste Buds 410
4 Examining the Combined Effects of Smell,
Texture, and Temperature on Taste 410
5 Assessing the Importance of Taste and Olfaction
in Odor Identification 412
6 Demonstrating Olfactory Adaptation 412
Review Sheet 413
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine
Glands 415
1 Identifying the Endocrine Organs 416
2 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Endocrine
Glands 420
Group Challenge Odd Hormone Out 422
Review Sheet 423
Endocrine Wet Labs and Human
Metabolism 427
1 Determining the Effect of Pituitary Hormones on
the Ovary 428
2 Observing the Effects of Hyperinsulinism 429
Group Challenge Thyroid Hormone Case
Studies 430
Review Sheet 431
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood 433
1 Determining the Physical Characteristics
of Plasma 436
2 Examining the Formed Elements of Blood
Microscopically 436
3 Conducting a Differential WBC Count 439
4 Determining the Hematocrit 440
5 Determining Hemoglobin Concentration 442
6 Determining Coagulation Time 443
7 Typing for ABO and Rh Blood Groups 444
8 Observing Demonstration Slides 446
9 Measuring Plasma Cholesterol
Concentration 446
Review Sheet 447
Anatomy of the Heart 453
1 Using the Heart Model to Study Heart
Anatomy 456
2 Tracing the Path of Blood Through the
Heart 457
3 Using the Heart Model to Study Cardiac
Circulation 458
4 Examining Cardiac Muscle Tissue Anatomy 459
Review Sheet 463
Conduction System of the Heart and
Electrocardiography 467
1A Recording ECGs Using a Standard ECG
Apparatus 471
1B Electrocardiography Using BIOPAC® 472
Review Sheet 477
Anatomy of Blood Vessels 479
1 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Arteries
and Veins 481
2 Locating Arteries on an Anatomical Chart or
Model 488
3 Identifying the Systemic Veins 492
4 Identifying Vessels of the Pulmonary
Circulation 493
Group Challenge Fix the Blood Trace 494
5 Tracing the Pathway of Fetal Blood Flow 494
6 Tracing the Hepatic Portal Circulation 496
Review Sheet 497
Human Cardiovascular Physiology:
Blood Pressure and Pulse
Determinations 503
1 Auscultating Heart Sounds 506
2 Palpating Superficial Pulse Points 507
3 Measuring Pulse Using BIOPAC® 508
4 Taking an Apical Pulse 510
5 Using a Sphygmomanometer to Measure Arterial
Blood Pressure Indirectly 510
6 Estimating Venous Pressure 511
7 Observing the Effect of Various Factors on Blood
Pressure and Heart Rate 512
8 Examining the Effect of Local Chemical and
Physical Factors on Skin Color 514
Review Sheet 517
Frog Cardiovascular Physiology 523
1 Investigating the Automaticity and Rhythmicity
of Heart Muscle 524
2 Recording Baseline Frog Heart Activity 526
3 Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac
Muscle Using the Physiograph 529
4 Assessing Physical and Chemical Modifiers of
Heart Rate 529
5 Investigating the Effect of Various Factors on the
Microcirculation 531
Review Sheet 533
The Lymphatic System and Immune
Response 537
1 Identifying the Organs of the Lymphatic
System 539
2 Studying the Microscopic Anatomy of a Lymph
Node, the Spleen, and a Tonsil 540
Group Challenge Compare and Contrast Lymphoid
Organs and Tissues 542
3 Using the Ouchterlony Technique to Identify
Antigens 543
Review Sheet 545
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Anatomy of the Respiratory
System 549
1 Identifying Respiratory System Organs 555
2 Demonstrating Lung Inflation in a Sheep
Pluck 555
3 Examining Prepared Slides of Trachea and Lung
Tissue 555
Review Sheet 557
Respiratory System Physiology 561
1 Operating the Model Lung 562
2 Auscultating Respiratory Sounds 564
3 Measuring Respiratory Volumes Using
Spirometers 565
4 Measuring the FVC and FEV1 571
5 Measuring Respiratory Volumes Using
BIOPAC® 571
6 Visualizing Respiratory Variations 575
7 Demonstrating the Reaction Between Carbon
Dioxide (in Exhaled Air) and Water 577
8 Observing the Operation of Standard
Buffers 578
9 Exploring the Operation of the Carbonic Acid–
Bicarbonate Buffer System 578
Review Sheet 579
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Anatomy of the Digestive System 585
1 Identifying Alimentary Canal Organs 587
2 Studying the Histologic Structure of the Stomach
and the Esophagus-Stomach Junction 591
3 Observing the Histologic Structure of the Small
Intestine 594
4 Examining the Histologic Structure of the Large
Intestine 596
5 Identifying Types of Teeth 597
6 Studying Microscopic Tooth Anatomy 598
7 Examining Salivary Gland Tissue 598
8 Examining the Histology of the Liver 599
Review Sheet 601
Digestive System Processes: Chemical
and Physical 607
1 Assessing Starch Digestion by Salivary
Amylase 608
2 Assessing Protein Digestion by Trypsin 611
3 Demonstrating the Emulsification Action of Bile
and Assessing Fat Digestion by Lipase 612
4 Reporting Results and Conclusions 613
Group Challenge Odd Enzyme Out 613
5 Observing Movements and Sounds of the
Digestive System 614
6 Viewing Segmental and Peristaltic
Movements 615
Review Sheet 617
THE URINARY SYSTEM
Anatomy of the Urinary System 621
1 Identifying Urinary System Organs 623
2 Studying Nephron Structure 626
3 Studying Bladder Structure 629
Group Challenge Urinary System Sequencing 630
Review Sheet 631
Urinalysis 635
1 Analyzing Urine Samples 637
2 Analyzing Urine Sediment Microscopically
(Optional) 640
Review Sheet 641
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM,
DEVELOPMENT, AND HEREDITY
Anatomy of the Reproductive
System 643
1 Identifying Male Reproductive Organs 644
2 Penis 647
3 Seminal Gland 648
4 Epididymis 648
5 Identifying Female Reproductive Organs 648
6 Wall of the Uterus 651
7 Uterine Tube 651
Review Sheet 653
Physiology of Reproduction:
Gametogenesis and the Female
Cycles 659
1 Identifying Meiotic Phases and Structures 661
2 Examining Events of Spermatogenesis 662
3 Examining Meiotic Events Microscopically 663
4 Examining Oogenesis in the Ovary 664
5 Comparing and Contrasting Oogenesis and
Spermatogenesis 664
6 Observing Histological Changes in the
Endometrium During the Menstrual Cycle 666
Review Sheet 669
Survey of Embryonic Development 673
1 Microscopic Study of Sea Urchin
Development 674
2 Examining the Stages of Human
Development 674
3 Identifying Fetal Structures 677
4 Studying Placental Structure 678
Review Sheet 679
Principles of Heredity 683
1 Working Out Crosses Involving Dominant and
Recessive Genes 685
2 Working Out Crosses Involving Incomplete
Dominance 685
3 Working Out Crosses Involving Sex-Linked
Inheritance 686
4 Exploring Probability 687
5 Using Blood Type to Explore Phenotypes and
Genotypes 688
6 Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Identify
Normal Hemoglobin, Sickle Cell Anemia, and
Sickle Cell Trait 688
Review Sheet 691
SURFACE ANATOMY
Surface Anatomy Roundup 695
1 Palpating Landmarks of the Head 696
2 Palpating Landmarks of the Neck 698
3 Palpating Landmarks of the Trunk 700
4 Palpating Landmarks of the Abdomen 702
5 Palpating Landmarks of the Upper Limb 704
6 Palpating Landmarks of the Lower Limb 707
Review Sheet 711
PHYSIOEXTM 10.0 COMPUTER SIMULATIONS
1 Cell Transport Mechanisms and
Permeability PEx-3
2 Skeletal Muscle Physiology PEx-17
3 Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses PEx-35
4 Endocrine System Physiology PEx-59
5 Cardiovascular Dynamics PEx-75
6 Cardiovascular Physiology PEx-93
7 Respiratory System Mechanics PEx-105
8 Chemical and Physical Processes
of Digestion PEx-119
9 Renal System Physiology PEx-131
10 Acid-Base Balance PEx-149
11 Blood Analysis PEx-161
12 Serological Testing PEx-177
Credits C-1
Index I-1