Anatomy Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Ninth Edition
By Kenneth S. Saladin
Contents:
About the Authors iv
PART ONE
ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
CHAPTER 1
MAJOR THEMES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1
1.1 The Scope of Anatomy
and Physiology 2
1.2 The Origins of Biomedical
Science 3
1.3 Scientific Method 6
1.4 Human Origins and
Adaptations 9
1.5 Human Structure 11
1.6 Human Function 13
1.7 The Language of Medicine 19
1.8 Review of Major Themes 21
STUDY GUIDE 24
ATLAS A GENERAL ORIENTATION TO HUMAN ANATOMY 27
A.1 General Anatomical
Terminology 28
A.2 Major Body Regions 29
A.3 Body Cavities and Membranes 31
A.4 Organ Systems 35
STUDY GUIDE 38
CHAPTER 2
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 40
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and
Molecules 41
2.2 Water and Mixtures 48
2.3 Energy and Chemical Reactions 52
2.4 Organic Compounds 55
STUDY GUIDE 71
CHAPTER 3
CELLULAR FORM AND FUNCTION 74
3.1 Concepts of Cellular Structure 75
3.2 The Cell Surface 78
3.3 Membrane Transport 87
3.4 The Cell Interior 96
STUDY GUIDE 106
CHAPTER 4
GENES AND CELLULAR FUNCTION 109
4.1 DNA and RNA—The Nucleic
Acids 110
4.2 Genes and Their Action 114
4.3 DNA Replication and the Cell
Cycle 123
4.4 Chromosomes and Heredity 128
STUDY GUIDE 134
CHAPTER 5
THE HUMAN TISSUES 137
5.1 The Study of Tissues 138
5.2 Epithelial Tissue 141
5.3 Connective Tissue 148
5.4 Nervous and Muscular Tissues—
Excitable Tissues 157
5.5 Cellular Junctions, Glands, and
Membranes 160
5.6 Tissue Growth, Development,
Repair, and Degeneration 165
STUDY GUIDE 171
PART TWO
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
CHAPTER 6
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 174
6.1 Skin and Subcutaneous
Tissue 175
6.2 Hair and Nails 183
6.3 Cutaneous Glands 187
6.4 Skin Disorders 190
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 195
STUDY GUIDE 196
CHAPTER 7
BONE TISSUE 198
7.1 Tissues and Organs of the
Skeletal System 199
7.2 Histology of Osseous Tissue 201
7.3 Bone Development 206
7.4 Physiology of Osseous Tissue 211
7.5 Bone Disorders 216
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 220
STUDY GUIDE 221
CHAPTER 8
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 223
8.1 Overview of the Skeleton 224
8.2 The Skull 227
8.3 The Vertebral Column and
Thoracic Cage 239
8.4 The Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Limb 249
8.5 The Pelvic Girdle and Lower
Limb 254
STUDY GUIDE 264
CHAPTER 9
JOINTS 267
9.1 Joints and Their
Classification 268
9.2 Synovial Joints 272
9.3 Anatomy of Selected
Diarthroses 285
STUDY GUIDE 296
CHAPTER 10
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 299
10.1 Structural and Functional
Organization of Muscles 300
10.2 Muscles of the Head and
Neck 308
10.3 Muscles of the Trunk 318
10.4 Muscles Acting on the Shoulder
and Upper Limb 329
10.5 Muscles Acting on the Hip
and Lower Limb 344
STUDY GUIDE 359
ATLAS B REGIONAL AND SURFACE ANATOMY 362
B.1 Regional Anatomy 363
B.2 The Importance of Surface
Anatomy 363
B.3 Learning Strategy 363
CHAPTER 11
MUSCULAR TISSUE 384
11.1 Types and Characteristics
of Muscular Tissue 385
11.2 Skeletal Muscle Cells 386
11.3 The Nerve–Muscle Relationship 391
11.4 Behavior of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 394
11.5 Behavior of Whole Muscles 401
11.6 Muscle Metabolism 404
11.7 Cardiac and Smooth Muscle 409
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 416
STUDY GUIDE 417
PART THREE
INTERNAL COORDINATION AND CONTROL
CHAPTER 12
NERVOUS TISSUE 420
12.1 Overview of the Nervous
System 421
12.2 Properties of Neurons 422
12.3 Supportive Cells 426
12.4 Electrophysiology of Neurons 433
12.5 Synapses 440
12.6 Neural Integration 446
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 455
STUDY GUIDE 456
CHAPTER 13
THE SPINAL CORD, SPINAL NERVES, AND SOMATIC REFLEXES 459
13.1 The Spinal Cord 460
13.2 The Spinal Nerves 468
13.3 Somatic Reflexes 482
STUDY GUIDE 489
CHAPTER 14
THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 492
14.1 Overview of the Brain 493
14.2 Meninges, Ventricles,
Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Blood Supply 497
14.3 The Hindbrain and Midbrain 503
14.4 The Forebrain 509
14.5 Integrative Functions of the
Brain 516
14.6 The Cranial Nerves 527
STUDY GUIDE 539
CHAPTER 15
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND VISCERAL REFLEXES 542
15.1 General Properties of the
Autonomic Nervous System 543
15.2 Anatomy of the Autonomic
Nervous System 546
15.3 Autonomic Effects on
Target Organs 553
15.4 Central Control of Autonomic
Function 557
STUDY GUIDE 560
CHAPTER 16
SENSE ORGANS 563
16.1 Properties and Types of Sensory
Receptors 564
16.2 The General Senses 566
16.3 The Chemical Senses 572
16.4 Hearing and Equilibrium 577
16.5 Vision 591
STUDY GUIDE 609
CHAPTER 17
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 612
17.1 Overview of the Endocrine
System 613
17.2 The Hypothalamus
and Pituitary Gland 616
17.3 Other Endocrine Glands 623
17.4 Hormones and Their Actions 633
17.5 Stress and Adaptation 642
17.6 Eicosanoids and Other Signaling
Molecules 643
17.7 Endocrine Disorders 644
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 651
STUDY GUIDE 652
PART FOUR
CIRCULATION AND DEFENSE
CHAPTER 18
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD 655
18.1 Introduction 656
18.2 Erythrocytes 661
18.3 Blood Types 667
18.4 Leukocytes 672
18.5 Platelets and the Control
of Bleeding 678
STUDY GUIDE 686
CHAPTER 19
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: HEART 689
19.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular
System 690
19.2 Gross Anatomy of the Heart 692
19.3 Cardiac Muscle and the Cardiac
Conduction System 700
19.4 Electrical and Contractile Activity
of the Heart 702
19.5 Blood Flow, Heart Sounds,
and the Cardiac Cycle 707
19.6 Regulation of Cardiac Output 713
STUDY GUIDE 721
CHAPTER 20
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION 724
20.1 General Anatomy of
the Blood Vessels 725
20.2 Blood Pressure, Resistance,
and Flow 733
20.3 Capillaries and Fluid
Exchange 740
20.4 Venous Return and Circulatory
Shock 744
20.5 Special Circulatory Routes 746
20.6 Anatomy of the Pulmonary
Circuit 747
20.7 Systemic Vessels
of the Axial Region 748
20.8 Systemic Vessels of the
Appendicular Region 766
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 777
STUDY GUIDE 778
CHAPTER 21
THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS 782
21.1 The Lymphatic System 783
21.2 Innate Immunity 795
21.3 Adaptive Immunity—
General Aspects 803
21.4 Cellular Immunity 808
21.5 Humoral Immunity 811
21.6 Immune System Disorders 815
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 821
STUDY GUIDE 822
PART FIVE
INTAKE AND OUTPUT
CHAPTER 22
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 825
22.1 Anatomy of the Respiratory
System 826
22.2 Pulmonary Ventilation 837
22.3 Gas Exchange and Transport 848
22.4 Respiratory Disorders 858
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 862
STUDY GUIDE 863
CHAPTER 23
THE URINARY SYSTEM 866
23.1 Functions of the Urinary
System 867
23.2 Anatomy of the Kidney 869
23.3 Urine Formation I: Glomerular
Filtration 875
23.4 Urine Formation II: Tubular
Reabsorption and Secretion 881
23.5 Urine Formation III:
Water Conservation 885
23.6 Urine and Renal Function
Tests 888
23.7 Urine Storage and Elimination 891
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 897
STUDY GUIDE 898
CHAPTER 24
FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID–BASE BALANCE 901
24.1 Fluid Balance 902
24.2 Electrolyte Balance 908
24.3 Acid–Base Balance 914
STUDY GUIDE 922
CHAPTER 25
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 925
25.1 General Anatomy and
Digestive Processes 926
25.2 The Mouth Through
Esophagus 930
25.3 The Stomach 937
25.4 The Liver, Gallbladder,
and Pancreas 946
25.5 The Small Intestine 952
25.6 Chemical Digestion
and Absorption 956
25.7 The Large Intestine 963
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 970
STUDY GUIDE 971
CHAPTER 26
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 974
26.1 Nutrition 975
26.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 986
26.3 Lipid and Protein
Metabolism 993
26.4 Metabolic States and
Metabolic Rate 997
26.5 Body Heat and
Thermoregulation 999
STUDY GUIDE 1004
PART SIX
REPRODUCTION AND
THE LIFE CYCLE
CHAPTER 27
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1007
27.1 Sexual Reproduction
and Development 1008
27.2 Male Reproductive
Anatomy 1013
27.3 Puberty, Hormonal Control,
and Climacteric 1021
27.4 Sperm and Semen 1023
27.5 Male Sexual Response 1028
STUDY GUIDE 1034
CHAPTER 28
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1037
28.1 Female Reproductive
Anatomy 1038
28.2 Puberty and Menopause 1048
28.3 Oogenesis and the Sexual
Cycle 1050
28.4 Female Sexual Response 1058
28.5 Pregnancy and Childbirth 1059
28.6 Lactation 1066
CONNECTIVE ISSUES 1071
STUDY GUIDE 1072
CHAPTER 29
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND AGING 1075
29.1 Fertilization and the
Preembryonic Stage 1076
29.2 The Embryonic and Fetal
Stages 1082
29.3 The Neonate 1091
29.4 Aging and Senescence 1095
STUDY GUIDE 1106
Appendix A: Answer Keys A-1
Appendix B: Symbols, Weights, and Measures A-14
Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements A-16
Appendix D: The Genetic Code and Amino Acids A-17
Appendix E: Medical Word Roots and Affixes A-19
Glossary G-1
Index I-1