Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures, Seventh Edition
By Raymond G Miltenberger
Contents:
Preface xvi
1 Introduction to Behavior Modification 1
1-1 Defining Human Behavior 1
1-2 Examples of Behavior 3
1-3 Defining Behavior Modification 3
1-4 Characteristics of Behavior Modification 3
1-5 Historical Roots of Behavior Modification 5
Major Figures 5
Early Behavior Modification Researchers 6
Major Publications and Events 7
1-6 Areas of Application 7
Developmental Disabilities and Autism Spectrum
Disorder 7
Mental Illness 7
Education and Special Education 8
Rehabilitation 8
Community Psychology 8
Clinical Psychology 8
Business, Industry, and Human Services 8
Self-Management 8
Child Behavior Management 8
Prevention 8
Sports Performance 9
Health-Related Behaviors 9
Gerontology 9
1-7 Professional Practice, Certification, and Ethics 9
1-8 New Directions in Behavior Modification 9
1-9 The Structure of This Textbook 10
Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change 10
Basic Principles of Behavior 10
Procedures to Establish New Behaviors 10
Procedures to Increase Desirable Behaviors and
Decrease Undesirable Behaviors 10
Other Behavior Change Procedures 10
Chapter Summary 10
Key Terms 11
Practice Quiz 1 11
Practice Quiz 2 11
Practice Quiz 3 12
Practice Test 12
Part 1: Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change
2 Observing and Recording Behavior 13
2-1 Direct and Indirect Assessment 14
2-2 Defining the Target Behavior 14
2-3 The Logistics of Recording 15
The Observer 15
When and Where to Record 16
2-4 Choosing a Recording Method 17
Continuous Recording 17
Product Recording 19
Sampling Methods 19
2-5 Choosing a Recording Instrument 21
2-6 Reactivity 24
2-7 Interobserver Agreement 25
Chapter Summary 26
Key Terms 27
Practice Quiz 1 27
Practice Quiz 2 27
Practice Quiz 3 28
Practice Test 28
Applications 29
Misapplications 30
3 Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change 31
3-1 Components of a Graph 32
3-2 Graphing Behavioral Data 34
Graphing Data from Different Recording
Procedures 34
Evaluating Behavior Change in a Graph: Level,
Trend, and Variability 36
3-3 Graphing Data to Evaluate Treatment: The A–B
Graph 37
3-4 Graphing Data to Demonstrate a Functional
Relationship: Research Designs 39
A–B–A–B Reversal Design 40
Multiple-Baseline Design 41
Alternating-Treatments Design 44
Changing-Criterion Design 45
Chapter Summary 46
Key Terms 47
Practice Quiz 1 47
Practice Quiz 2 48
Practice Quiz 3 48
Practice Test 49
Applications 49
Misapplications 50
Part 2 Basic Principles
4 Reinforcement 51
4-1 Defining Reinforcement 52
4-2 Positive and Negative Reinforcement 54
Social versus Automatic Reinforcement 56
4-3 Escape and Avoidance Behaviors 57
4-4 Conditioned and Unconditioned Reinforcers 57
4-5 Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of
Reinforcement 58
Immediacy 58
Contingency 59
Motivating Operations 59
Individual Differences 60
Magnitude 61
4-6 Schedules of Reinforcement 61
Fixed Ratio 62
Variable Ratio 63
Fixed Interval 63
Variable Interval 64
4-7 Reinforcing Different Dimensions of Behavior 65
4-8 Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement 65
4-9 Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement 65
Chapter Summary 66
Key Terms 67
Practice Quiz 1 67
Practice Quiz 2 67
Practice Quiz 3 68
Practice Test 68
Appendix A 69
Appendix B 70
5 Extinction 71
5-1 Defining Extinction 71
5-2 Extinction Burst 73
5-3 Spontaneous Recovery 74
5-4 Procedural Variations of Extinction 75
5-5 A Common Misconception about Extinction 76
5-6 Factors That Influence Extinction 77
The Reinforcement Schedule before Extinction 77
Reinforcement of the Behavior after Extinction 77
Reinforcement of Functionally Equivalent Alternative
Behavior during Extinction 77
Chapter Summary 79
Key Terms 79
Practice Quiz 1 79
Practice Quiz 2 80
Practice Quiz 3 80
Practice Test 80
Appendix A 81
6 Punishment 82
6-1 Defining Punishment 82
6-2 A Common Misconception about Punishment 84
6-3 Positive and Negative Punishment 84
6-4 Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers 87
6-5 Contrasting Reinforcement and Punishment 88
6-6 Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of
Punishment 89
Immediacy 89
Contingency 90
Motivating Operations 90
Individual Differences and Magnitude of the
Punisher 90
6-7 Problems with Punishment 91
Emotional Reactions to Punishment 92
Escape and Avoidance 92
Negative Reinforcement for the Use of Punishment 92
Punishment and Modeling 92
Ethical Issues 92
Self-Assessment 93
Chapter Summary 94
Key Terms 94
Practice Quiz 1 94
Practice Quiz 2 95
Practice Quiz 3 95
Practice Test 96
Appendix A 96
7 Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization 97
7-1 Examples of Stimulus Control 97
7-2 Defining Stimulus Control 98
7-3 Developing Stimulus Control: Stimulus
Discrimination Training 99
Discrimination Training in the Laboratory 99
Developing Reading and Spelling with
Discrimination Training 100
Stimulus Discrimination Training and
Punishment 101
7-4 The Three-Term Contingency 101
7-5 Stimulus Control Research 101
7-6 Generalization 102
Examples of Generalization 102
7-7 Stimulus Equivalence 105
Chapter Summary 108
Key Terms 108
Practice Quiz 1 108
Practice Quiz 2 109
Practice Quiz 3 109
Practice Test 109
Appendix A 110
8 Respondent Conditioning 112
8-1 Examples of Respondent Conditioning 112
8-2 Defining Respondent Conditioning 113
8-3 Timing of the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned
Stimulus 114
8-4 Higher-Order Conditioning 115
8-5 Conditioned Emotional Responses 115
8-6 Extinction of Conditioned Responses 117
Spontaneous Recovery 117
8-7 Discrimination and Generalization of Respondent
Behavior 117
8-8 Factors That Influence Respond
The Nature of the Neutral Stimulus and
Unconditioned Stimulus 118
The Temporal Relationship between the Neutral
Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus 118
Contingency between the Neutral Stimulus and
Unconditioned Stimulus 118
The Number of Pairings 118
Previous Exposure to the Neutral Stimulus 118
8-9 Distinguishing between Operant and Respondent
Conditioning 119
8-10 Respondent Conditioning and Behavior
Modification 121
Chapter Summary 121
Key Terms 121
Practice Quiz 1 122
Practice Quiz 2 122
Practice Quiz 3 122
Practice Test 123
Part 3 Procedures to Establish New Behavior
9 Shaping 124
9-1 An Example of Shaping: Teaching a Child to Talk 124
9-2 Defining Shaping 124
9-3 Applications of Shaping 126
Getting Mrs. F to Walk Again 126
Getting Mrs. S to Increase the Time between
Bathroom Visits 126
9-4 Research on Shaping 127
9-5 How to Use Shaping 131
9-6 Shaping of Problem Behaviors 132
Chapter Summary 134
Key Terms 134
Practice Quiz 1 134
Practice Quiz 2 134
Practice Quiz 3 135
Practice Test 135
Applications 136
Misapplications 136
10 Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control 137
10-1 An Example of Prompting and Fading: Teaching
Tee-Ball Players to Hit the Ball 137
10-2 What Is Prompting? 138
10-3 What Is Fading? 139
10-4 Types of Prompts 140
Response Prompts 140
Stimulus Prompts 141
10-5 Transfer of Stimulus Control 142
Prompt Fading 142
Prompt Delay 144
Stimulus Fading 144
10-6 How to Use Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus
Control 146
10-7 Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control in
Autism Treatment 147
10-8 Verbal Behavior 148
Echoic 148
Mand 148
Tact 148
Intraverbal 148
Multiple Control of Verbal Operants 149
Teaching Verbal Behavior to Children with
Autism 149
Chapter Summary 150
Key Terms 151
Practice Quiz 1 151
Practice Quiz 2 151
Practice Quiz 3 152
Practice Test 152
Applications 153
Misapplications 153
11 Chaining 154
11-1 Examples of Behavioral Chains 154
11-2 Analyzing Stimulus–Response Chains 154
11-3 Task Analysis 155
11-4 Backward Chaining 157
11-5 Forward Chaining 159
11-6 Total Task Presentation 160
11-7 Other Strategies for Teaching Behavioral
Chains 161
Written Task Analysis 161
Picture Prompts 163
Video Modeling 163
Self-Instructions 164
11-8 How to Use Chaining Procedures 165
Chapter Summary 166
Key Terms 166
Practice Quiz 1 166
Practice Quiz 2 166
Practice Quiz 3 167
Practice Test 167
Applications 168
Misapplications 168
12 Behavioral Skills Training Procedures 169
12-1 Examples of Behavioral Skills Training
Procedures 169
Teaching Marcia to Say “No” to the Professors 169
Teaching Children to Protect Themselves from
Abduction 170
12-2 Components of the Behavioral Skills Training
Procedure 170
Instructions 170
Modeling 172
Rehearsal 172
Feedback 173
12-3 Enhancing Generalization after Behavioral Skills
Training 173
12-4 In Situ Assessment 173
12-5 In Situ Training 174
12-6 Behavioral Skills Training and the Three-Term
Contingency 174
12-7 Behavioral Skills Training in Groups 175
12-8 Applications of Behavioral Skills Training
Procedures 175
12-9 How to Use Behavioral Skills Training
Procedures 178
Chapter Summary 179
Key Terms 180
Practice Quiz 1 180
Practice Quiz 2 180
Practice Quiz 3 180
Practice Test 181
Applications 181
Misapplications 182
Part 4: Procedures to Increase Desirable Behavior and Decrease
Undesirable Behavior
13 Understanding Problem Behaviors through Functional Assessment 183
13-1 Examples of Functional Assessment 183
Jacob 183
Anna 184
13-2 Defining Functional Assessment 185
13-3 Functions of Problem Behaviors 185
Social Positive Reinforcement 186
Social Negative Reinforcement 186
Automatic Positive Reinforcement 186
Automatic Negative Reinforcement 186
13-4 Functional Assessment Methods 186
Indirect Methods 186
Direct Observation Methods 189
Experimental Methods (Functional Analysis) 192
13-5 Functional Analysis Research 196
13-6 Conducting a Functional Assessment 198
13-7 Functional Interventions 199
Chapter Summary 200
Key Terms 200
Practice Quiz 1 201
Practice Quiz 2 201
Practice Quiz 3 201
Practice Test 202
Applications 202
Misapplications 204
Self-Assessment 204
14 Applying Extinction 205
14-1 The Case of Willy 205
14-2 Using Extinction to Decrease a Problem
Behavior 206
Collecting Data to Assess Treatment Effects 207
Identifying the Reinforcer for the Problem Behavior
through Functional Assessment 207
Eliminating the Reinforcer after Each Instance of the
Problem Behavior 208
14-3 Taking Account of the Schedule of Reinforcement
before Extinction 211
14-4 Reinforcing Alternative Behaviors 212
14-5 Promoting Generalization and Maintenance 213
14-6 Research Evaluating the Use of Extinction 214
Chapter Summary 216
Key Terms 216
Practice Quiz 1 216
Practice Quiz 2 217
Practice Quiz 3 217
Practice Test 218
Applications 218
Misapplications 218
Appendix A 219
Appendix B 219
15 Differential Reinforcement 221
15-1 Differential Reinforcement of Alternative
Behavior 221
Getting Mrs. Williams to Be Positive 221
When to Use DRA 222
How to Use DRA 222
Using Differential Negative Reinforcement of
Alternative Behaviors 224
Variations of DRA 226
Research on DRA 226
15-2 Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior 228
Defining DRO 229
Implementing DRO 229
Research Evaluating DRO Procedures 231
15-3 Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of
Responding 233
Defining DRL 233
Variations of DRL 233
How are DRO and Spaced-Responding DRL
Different? 234
Implementing DRL Procedures 234
Research Evaluating DRL Procedures 235
Chapter Summary 237
Key Terms 237
Practice Quiz 1 238
Practice Quiz 2 238
Practice Quiz 3 239
Practice Test 239
Applications 240
Misapplications 240
Self-Assessment 241
16 Antecedent Interventions 242
16-1 Examples of Antecedent Interventions 242
Getting Marianne to Study More 242
Getting Cal to Eat Right 243
16-2 Defining Antecedent Interventions 243
Presenting the Discriminative Stimulus (SD) or Cues
for the Desired Behavior 243
Arranging Establishing Operations for the Desirable
Behavior 244
Decreasing Response Effort for the Desirable
Behavior 245
Removing the Discriminative Stimulus or Cues for
Undesirable Behaviors 246
Presenting Abolishing Operations for Undesirable
Behaviors 247
Increasing the Response Effort for Undesirable
Behaviors 248
16-3 Research on Antecedent Interventions 249
Manipulating Discriminative Stimuli 249
Manipulating Response Effort 249
Manipulating Motivating Operations 250
16-4 Using Antecedent Interventions 255
Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the
Desirable Behavior 255
Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the
Undesirable Behavior 255
16-5 Functional Interventions for Problem
Behaviors 256
Chapter Summary 257
Key Terms 257
Practice Quiz 1 257
Practice Quiz 2 257
Practice Quiz 3 258
Practice Test 258
Applications 259
Misapplications 260
Self-Assessment 261
17 Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response Cost 262
17-1 Time-Out 262
Types of Time-Out 264
Using Reinforcement with Time-Out 264
Considerations in Using Time-Out 264
Research Evaluating Time-Out Procedures 266
17-2 Response Cost 269
Defining Response Cost 269
Using Differential Reinforcement with Response
Cost 269
Comparing Response Cost, Time-Out, and
Extinction 270
Considerations in Using Response Cost 270
Research Evaluating Response Cost
Procedures 271
Chapter Summary 273
Key Terms 273
Practice Quiz 1 274
Practice Quiz 2 274
Practice Quiz 3 274
Practice Test 275
Applications 275
Misapplications 276
Self-Assessment 276
18 Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of Punishment 277
18-1 Punishment by Application of Aversive
Activities 277
Overcorrection 278
Contingent Exercise 279
Guided Compliance 280
Physical Restraint 280
Cautions in Punishment by the Application of
Aversive Activities 281
18-2 Punishment by Application of Aversive
Stimulation 282
18-3 Positive Punishment: Treatment of Last
Resort 284
18-4 Considerations in Using Positive Punishment 284
18-5 The Ethics of Punishment 285
Informed Consent 285
Alternative Treatments 285
Recipient Safety 285
Problem Severity 285
Implementation Guidelines 285
Training and Supervision 286
Peer Review 286
Accountability: Preventing Misuse and Overuse 286
Chapter Summary 286
Key Terms 286
Practice Quiz 1 287
Practice Quiz 2 287
Practice Quiz 3 287
Practice Test 288
Applications 288
Misapplications 289
19 Promoting Generalization 290
19-1 Examples of Generalization Programming 290
19-2 Defining Generalization 291
19-3 Strategies for Promoting Generalization of
Behavior Change 291
Reinforcing Occurrences of Generalization 291
Training Skills That Contact Natural Contingencies
of Reinforcement 292
Modifying Contingencies of Reinforcement and
Punishment in the Natural Environment 292
Incorporating a Variety of Relevant Stimulus
Situations in Training 294
Incorporating Common Stimuli 296
Teaching a Range of Functionally Equivalent
Responses 296
Providing Cues in the Natural Environment 296
Incorporating Self-Generated Mediators of
Generalization 297
19-4 Implementing Strategies to Promote
Generalization 298
19-5 Promoting Generalized Reductions in Problem
Behaviors 298
Chapter Summary 300
Key Terms 300
Practice Quiz 1 300
Practice Quiz 2 301
Practice Quiz 3 302
Practice Test 302
Applications 303
Misapplications 303
Self-Assessment 304
Part 5: Other Behavior Change Procedures
20 Self-Management 305
20-1 Examples of Self-Management 305
Getting Murray to Run Regularly 305
Getting Annette to Clean Up Her Mess 305
20-2 Defining Self-Management Problems 307
20-3 Defining Self-Management 308
20-4 Types of Self-Management Strategies 308
Goal Setting and Self-Monitoring 309
Antecedent Interventions 309
Behavioral Contracting 309
Arranging Reinforcers and Punishers 310
Social Support 311
Self-Instructions and Self-Praise 311
20-5 Steps in a Self-Management Plan 312
20-6 Clinical Problems 314
Chapter Summary 314
Key Terms 315
Practice Quiz 1 315
Practice Quiz 2 315
Practice Quiz 3 316
Practice Test 316
Applications 317
Misapplications 317
21 Habit Reversal Procedures 318
21-1 Examples of Habit Behaviors 318
21-2 Defining Habit Behaviors 319
Nervous Habits 319
Motor and Vocal Tics 319
Stuttering 319
21-3 Habit Reversal Procedures 320
21-4 Applications of Habit Reversal 320
Nervous Habits 320
Motor and Vocal Tics 321
Stuttering 322
21-5 Why Do Habit Reversal Procedures Work? 322
21-6 Other Treatment Procedures for Habit
Disorders 324
Chapter Summary 325
Key Terms 326
Practice Quiz 1 326
Practice Quiz 2 326
Practice Quiz 3 326
Practice Test 327
Applications 327
Misapplications 328
22 The Token Economy 329
22-1 Rehabilitating Sammy 329
22-2 Defining a Token Economy 330
22-3 Implementing a Token Economy 331
Defining the Target Behaviors 331
Identifying the Items to Use as Tokens 331
Identifying Backup Reinforcers 331
Deciding on the Appropriate Schedule of
Reinforcement 332
Establishing the Token Exchange Rate 333
Establishing the Time and Place for Exchanging
Tokens 333
Deciding Whether to Use Response Cost 334
Staff Training and Management 334
22-4 Practical Considerations 334
22-5 Applications of a Token Economy 335
22-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Token
Economy 341
Chapter Summary 341
Key Terms 341
Practice Quiz 1 341
Practice Quiz 2 342
Practice Quiz 3 342
Practice Test 343
Applications 343
Misapplications 343
23 Behavioral Contracts 345
23-1 Examples of Behavioral Contracting 345
Getting Stavros to Complete His Dissertation 345
Helping Dan and His Parents Get Along Better 346
23-2 Defining the Behavioral Contract 347
23-3 Components of a Behavioral Contract 347
23-4 Types of Behavioral Contracts 349
One-Party Contracts 349
Two-Party Contracts 349
23-5 Negotiating a Behavioral Contract 351
23-6 Why Do Behavioral Contracts Influence Behavior? 351
23-7 Applications of Behavioral Contracts 352
Chapter Summary 355
Key Terms 355
Practice Quiz 1 355
Practice Quiz 2 356
Practice Quiz 3 356
Practice Test 357
Applications 357
Misapplications 357
24 Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures 359
24-1 Examples of Fear and Anxiety Reduction 359
Overcoming Trisha’s Fear of Public Speaking 359
Overcoming Allison’s Fear of Spiders 360
24-2 Defining Fear and Anxiety Problems 360
24-3 Procedures to Reduce Fear and Anxiety 362
Relaxation Training 362
Fear Reduction Procedures 364
24-4 Clinical Problems 370
Chapter Summary 370
Key Terms 371
Practice Quiz 1 371
Practice Quiz 2 371
Practice Quiz 3 372
Practice Test 372
Applications 372
Misapplications 373
25 Cognitive Behavior Modification 374
25-1 Examples of Cognitive Behavior Modification 374
Helping Daniel Control His Anger 374
Helping Claire Pay Attention in Class 375
25-2 Defining Cognitive Behavior Modification 376
Defining Cognitive Behavior 376
Functions of Cognitive Behavior 376
25-3 Cognitive Behavior Modification Procedures 377
Cognitive Restructuring 377
Cognitive Coping Skills Training 380
Acceptance-Based Therapies 382
25-4 Clinical Problems 383
Chapter Summary 383
Key Terms 383
Practice Quiz 1 383
Practice Quiz 2 384
Practice Quiz 3 384
Practice Test 385
Applications 385
Misapplications 385
Glossary 387
References 396
Name Index 423
Subject Index 431