Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach, Fourth Edition
By Marjorie Kelly Cowan, Heidi Smith and Jennifer Lusk
Contents:
Preface
Chapter 1
Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks
CASE FILE The Subject Is You!
1.1 Microbes: Tiny but Mighty
Medical Moment Medications from Microbes
1.2 Microbes in History
1.3 Macromolecules: Superstructures of Life
Medical Moment Delivering Essential Nutrients
1.4 Naming, Classifying, and Identifying Microorganisms
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Meet Your Microbiome
Chapter 2
Tools of the Laboratory: Methods for the
Culturing and Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms
CASE FILE Treating the Unknown
Medical Moment The Making of the Flu Vaccine: An Example of a
Live Growth Medium
2.1 How to Culture Microorganisms
2.2 The Microscope
Medical Moment Gram-Positive versus Gram-Negative Bacteria
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome The Back Story
Chapter 3
Bacteria and Archaea
CASE FILE Extreme Endospores
3.1 Bacteria and Archaea: An Overview
3.2 External Structures
Medical Moment Healthcare-Associated Infections
3.3 The Cell Envelope: The Wall and Membrane(s)
Medical Moment Collecting Sputum
3.4 Bacterial Internal Structure
3.5 The Archaea
3.6 Classification Systems for Bacteria and Archaea
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome A Sticky Situation
Chapter 4
Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms
CASE FILE Puzzle in the Valley
4.1 Overview of the Eukaryotes
4.2 Structures of the Eukaryotic Cell
4.3 The Fungi
Medical Moment Vaginal Candidiasis
Medical Moment Opportunistic Fungal Infection
4.4 The Protozoa
4.5 The Helminths
Medical Moment Neglected Parasitic Infections
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Are Eukaryotic Microorganisms Part of Our
Microbiome?
Chapter 5
Viruses and Prions
CASE FILE Outbreak in Assisted Living
5.1 The Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum
5.2 The General Structure of Viruses
Medical Moment Why Antibiotics Are Ineffective Against Viruses
5.3 How Viruses Multiply
5.4 Techniques to Cultivate and Identify Animal Viruses
Medical Moment Differentiating Between Bacterial and Viral
Infections
5.5 Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
5.6 Viruses and Human Health
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Are Viruses Part of the Microbiome?
Chapter 6
Microbial Nutrition and Growth
CASE FILE Wound Care
6.1 Microbial Nutrition
Medical Moment Osmosis and IV Fluids
6.2 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes
6.3 The Study of Bacterial Growth
Medical Moment MRSA: PCR Over Culture
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome The Great Oxidation Event and Earth’s
Microbiome
Chapter 7
Microbial Metabolism
CASE FILE Surviving Sepsis
7.1 Metabolism and the Role of Enzymes
7.2 The Pursuit and Utilization of Energy
7.3 Catabolism
Medical Moment Facultative Anaerobes
7.4 Anabolism and the Crossing Pathways of Metabolism
Medical Moment Amino Acids: Essential, Nonessential, and
Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Electricity Eaters
Chapter 8
Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering
CASE FILE Factors to Consider
8.1 Introduction to Genetics and Genes
8.2 Transcription and Translation
8.3 Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis
8.4 DNA Recombination Events
8.5 Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code
Medical Moment Mutations Caused by Life-Saving Radiation
Medical Moment Gene Mutations
8.6 Studying DNA in the Laboratory and Genetic Engineering
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Host Genetics and the Microbiome
Chapter 9
Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes
CASE FILE Control of Microorganisms in the Operating Room
9.1 Controlling Microorganisms
9.2 Methods of Physical Control
9.3 Methods of Chemical Control
Medical Moment The Use of Alcohol-Based Hand Cleansers
Medical Moment Zap VAP: The Role of Chlorhexidine
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Hand Hygiene
Chapter 10
Antimicrobial Treatment
CASE FILE Not What We Were Expecting
10.1 Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
10.2 Interactions Between Drug and Microbe
10.3 Antimicrobial Resistance
Medical Moment Why Do Antibiotics Cause Diarrhea?
10.4 Interactions Between Drug and Host
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome How Antibiotics Impact the Microbiome
Chapter 11
Interactions Between Microbes and Humans
CASE FILE Surgical Site Infection
11.1 The Human Microbiome
11.2 When Colonization Leads to Disease
Medical Moment When the Portal of Entry Is Compromised
11.3 Important Features of Infectious Disease Transmission
Medical Moment Eye on Careers: Infection Control Practitioner
11.4 Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations
Medical Moment Typhoid Mary
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Fecal Transplants
Chapter 12
Host Defenses I: Overview and Innate Defenses
CASE FILE Bacteria Cause That?
12.1 Defense Mechanisms of the Host: An Overview
Medical Moment Examining Lymph Nodes
12.2 The First Line of Defense
12.3 The Second Line of Defense
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Macrophages Shape Your Gut
Chapter 13
Host Defenses II: Adaptive Immunity and
Immunization
CASE FILE When More Immune Response Is Not Better
13.1 Adaptive Immunity: The Third and Final Line of Defense
Medical Moment The Thymus
13.2 Stage I: The Development of Lymphocyte Diversity
Medical Moment Blood Exposure in Neonates
13.3 Stage II: Presentation of Antigens
13.4 Stages III and IV: T-Cell Response
Medical Moment CAR-T Cells
13.5 Stages III and IV: B-Cell Response
13.6 Adaptive Immunity and Vaccination
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Gut Bacteria Cause Blindness?
Chapter 14
Disorders in Immunity
CASE FILE A Body Attacking Itself
14.1 The Immune Response: A Two-Sided Coin
14.2 Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis
14.3 Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Foreign
Cells
14.4 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions
Medical Moment Patch Testing
14.5 Type IV Hypersensitivities: Cell-Mediated (Delayed)
Reactions
14.6 An Inappropriate Response to Self: Autoimmunity
14.7 Immunodeficiency Diseases: Hyposensitivities
Medical Moment Hand Washing
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Asthma and the Airway—and Gut—Microbiome
Chapter 15
Diagnosing Infections
CASE FILE Tracing the Cause
15.1 What is Causing This Condition?
Medical Moment Should Be Obvious, But…
15.2 First Steps: Specimen Collection
15.3 Phenotypic Methods
Medical Moment Qualitative versus Quantitative Diagnosis
15.4 Immunologic Methods
Medical Moment Understanding Lab Results
15.5 Genotypic Methods
Medical Moment Detecting and Treating TB
15.6 Additional Diagnostic Technologies
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome The Human Microbiome Project and Diagnosis
of Noninfectious Disease
Chapter 16
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Skin and Eyes
CASE FILE A Rash of Symptoms
16.1 The Skin and Its Defenses
16.2 Normal Biota of the Skin
16.3 Skin Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
Medical Moment Scabies
Medical Moment Scrum Pox: Herpes Gladiatorum
16.4 The Surface of the Eye and Its Defenses
16.5 Normal Biota of the Eye
16.6 Eye Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Do C-Section Babies Have a Different
Microbiome Than Those Delivered Vaginally?
Chapter 17
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System
CASE FILE Time Is of the Essence
17.1 The Nervous System and Its Defenses
17.2 Normal Biota of the Nervous System
17.3 Nervous System Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
Medical Moment Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome The Gut and the Brain
Chapter 18
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular
and Lymphatic Systems
CASE FILE Bitten by a Tick
18.1 The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Their
Defenses
18.2 Normal Biota of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
18.3 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Medical Moment Postexposure Prophylaxis
Medical Moment Where Does the Fluid Go?
Medical Moment Ebola Epidemic
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome The Microbiome and Heart Failure
Chapter 19
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory
Systems
CASE FILE Very Sick, Very Fast
Medical Moment Epiglottitis
19.1 The Respiratory Tract and Its Defenses
19.2 Normal Biota of the Respiratory Tract
19.3 Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
19.4 Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Medical Moment Tuberculosis—A Lesson in Inadequate
Treatment
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Gut Bacteria Involved in Deadly Lung Disease?
Chapter 20
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal
Tract
CASE FILE “Blood and Guts”
20.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Defenses
20.2 Normal Biota of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Medical Moment Dehydration
20.3 Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
(Nonhelminthic)
Medical Moment Assessing Jaundice
20.4 Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Caused by Helminths
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Crohn’s Disease and the Gut Microbiome
Chapter 21
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary
System
CASE FILE It’s All in the Walk
21.1 The Genitourinary Tract and Its Defenses
21.2 Normal Biota of the Genitourinary Tract
21.3 Urinary Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
Medical Moment Cranberry versus UTI
21.4 Reproductive Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
Medical Moment Crabs
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Save the World with the Vaginal Microbiome
Chapter 22
One Health: The Interconnected Health of the
Environment, Humans, and Other Animals
Contributions by Ronald M. Atlas, University of
Louisville
CASE FILE Viral Zoonoses
22.1 One Health
22.2 Animals and Infectious Disease: Zoonoses
22.3 The Environment and Infectious Disease
Medical Moment Plastic Bottles for Clean Water
Medical Moment Cryptosporidium in Your Tap Water?
22.4 Microbes to the Rescue
Case File Wrap-Up
The Microbiome Thanks to the Sponge, and Its Microbiome, for
Letting Us Breathe
Appendix A Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions in SmartGrid
Appendix B Answers to the Medical Moments and NCLEX®
Questions
Glossary