SPSS Statistics: A Practical Guide, 5th Edition
By Kellie Bennett, Brody Heritage and Peter Allen
Contents:
Guide to the text…………………………………………….. xii
Guide to the online resources………………………………xiii
Preface ……………………………………………………….. xvi
About the authors …………………………………………… xiv
Acknowledgements …………………………………………..xv
Chapter 1 Getting Started With SPSS Statistics……………………………………………………………….. 1
1.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1.1. Data View……………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1.2. Variable View…………………………………………………………………………. 2
1.2. Creating a Data File……………………………………………………………………….. 3
1.3. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Chapter 2 Working With Data……………………………………………………………………………………….
2.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 7
2.2. Compute……………………………………………………………………………………… 8
2.2.1. Illustrated Example of Summed Scale Scores……………………………………. 8
2.3. Recode………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
2.3.1. Illustrated Example of Category Recoding…………………………………….. 10
2.4. Missing Value Analysis………………………………………………………………….. .12
2.4.1. Illustrated Example of Missing Age Data Replacement………………………. 12
2.5. Split File…………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
2.5.1. Illustrated Example of Splitting Output by Gender……………………………. 14
2.6. Select Cases……………………………………………………………………………….. 17
2.6.1. Illustrated Example of Selecting Cases Above a Specified Age……………. 17
2.7. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………. 18
Chapter 3 Summarising and Displaying Data……………………………………………………………………
3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 19
3.2. Frequencies………………………………………………………………………………… 20
3.2.1. Illustrated Example of Frequencies………………………………………………. 20
3.2.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure………………………………………………………. 20
3.2.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output………………………………………………………….. 22
3.2.1.3. The SPSS Statistics Viewer…………………………………………………….. 23
3.3. Descriptives………………………………………………………………………………… 24
3.3.1. Illustrated Example of Descriptives………………………………………………. 24
3.3.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure………………………………………………………. 24
3.3.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output………………………………………………………….. 25
3.4. Explore………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
3.4.1. Illustrated Example of Explore……………………………………………………. 26
3.4.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure………………………………………………………. 26
3.4.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output………………………………………………………….. 28
3.4.1.3. The SPSS Statistics Chart Editor………………………………………………. 30
3.5. Chart Builder………………………………………………………………………………. 31
3.5.1. Illustrated Example of the Chart Builder………………………………………… 31
3.6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………. 32
Chapter 4 One Sample t Test…………………………………………………………………………………………
4.1. Purpose of the One Sample t Test………………………………………………………. 33
4.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One Sample t Test……………………….. 33
4.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Signficiant One Sample t Test………………. 34
4.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File………………………………………… 35
4.3.2. Analysing the Data…………………………………………………………………. 36
4.3.2.1. Assumptions……………………………………………………………………… 36
4.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)………………………………. 36
4.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)………………………………….. 36
4.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: One Sample t Test)……………………. 38
4.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: One Sample t Test)………………………… 40
4.3.3. Follow Up Analyses………………………………………………………………… 41
4.3.3.1. Effect Size………………………………………………………………………… 41
4.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………….. 42
4.3.5. Summary…………………………………………………………………………….. 42
4.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Non-Signficiant One Sample t Test……….. .42
4.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)……………………………………… 43
4.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: One Sample t Test)……………………………. 44
4.4.3. Follow Up Analyses………………………………………………………………… 44
4.4.3.1. Effect Size………………………………………………………………………… 44
4.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………….. 45
4.5. One Sample t Test Checklist…………………………………………………………….. 45
Chapter 5 Independent Samples t Test……………………………………………………………………………..
5.1. Purpose of the Independent Samples t Test……………………………………………. 47
5.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Independent Samples t Test…………….. 47
5.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Significant Independent Samples t Test……. 48
5.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File………………………………………… 49
5.3.2. Analysing the Data…………………………………………………………………. 50
5.3.2.1. Assumptions……………………………………………………………………… 50
5.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)………………………………. 50
5.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)………………………………….. 52
5.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance & the t Test)… 53
5.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance & the t Test)…. 54
5.3.3. Follow Up Analyses………………………………………………………………… 54
5.3.3.1. Effect Size………………………………………………………………………… 54
5.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………….. 55
5.3.5. Summary……………………………………………………………………………. 55
5.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Non-Significant
Independent Samples t Test………………………………………………………………… 56
5.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)……………………………………… 57
5.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance & the t Test)……. 58
5.4.3. Follow Up Analyses………………………………………………………………… 59
5.4.3.1. Effect Size………………………………………………………………………… 59
5.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………….. 59
5.5. Bayesian Independent Sample Inference……………………………………………… 60
5.5.1. Analysing the Data…………………………………………………………………. 60
5.5.2. SPSS Statistics Output……………………………………………………………… 61
5.5.3. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………….. 63
5.6. Independent Samples t Test Checklist………………………………………………….. 63
Chapter 6 Paired Samples t Test
6.1. Purpose of the Paired Samples t Test…………………………………………………… 65
6.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Paired Samples t Test……………………. 65
6.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Signficant Paired Samples t Test……………. 66
6.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File………………………………………… 67
6.3.2. Analysing the Data…………………………………………………………………. 67
6.3.2.1. Assumptions……………………………………………………………………… 67
6.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality &
Normality of Difference Scores)………………………………………………………….. 68
6.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality & Normality
of Difference Scores)………………………………………………………………………. 70
6.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test)………………… 71
6.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test)…………………….. 72
6.3.3. Follow Up Analyses………………………………………………………………… 73
6.3.3.1. Effect Size………………………………………………………………………… 73
6.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………….. 74
6.3.5. Summary…………………………………………………………………………….. 74
6.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Non-Signficant Paired Samples t Test……… 74
6.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality & Normality of
Difference Scores)…………………………………………………………………………… 75
6.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test)……………………….. 76
6.4.3. Follow Up Analyses………………………………………………………………… 77
6.4.3.1. Effect Size………………………………………………………………………… 77
6.4.3.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Power)……………………………………………. 77
6.4.3.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Power)………………………………………………… 78
6.4.3.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Sample Size)…………………………………….. 79
6.4.3.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Sample Size)………………………………………… 79
6.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………….. 80
6.5. Paired Samples t Test Checklist…………………………………………………………. 80
Chapter 7 One-Way Between Groups ANOVA
7.1. Purpose of the One-Way Between Groups ANOVA………………………………… 81
7.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way Between
Groups ANOVA…………………………………………………………………………………. 81
7.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Significant One-Way Between
Groups ANOVA…………………………………………………………………………………. 82
7.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File………………………………………… 83
7.3.2. Analysing the Data…………………………………………………………………. 84
7.3.2.1. Assumptions……………………………………………………………………… 84
7.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)………………………………. 85
7.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)………………………………….. 86
7.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance
& the ANOVA)………………………………………………………………………………. 87
7.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of
Variance & the ANOVA)………………………………………………………………….. 88
7.3.3. Follow Up Analyses………………………………………………………………… 90
7.3.3.1. Effect Size………………………………………………………………………… 90
7.3.3.1.1. Effect Size Calculations for the Omnibus ANOVA……………….. 90
7.3.3.1.2. Effect Size Calculations for the Contrasts and
Comparisons………………………………………………………………………….. 90
7.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………….. 92
7.3.5. Summary…………………………………………………………………………….. 93
7.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Non-Significant One-Way
Between Groups ANOVA……………………………………………………………………… 93
7.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)……………………………………… 94
7.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance
& the ANOVA)………………………………………………………………………………. 95
7.4.3. Follow Up Analyses………………………………………………………………… 95
7.4.3.1. Effect Size………………………………………………………………………… 95
7.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………….. 96
7.5. One-Way Between Groups ANOVA Checklist………………………………………. 96
Chapter 8 Factorial Between Groups ANOVA
8.1. Purpose of the Factorial Between Groups ANOVA…………………………………. 97
8.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Factorial Between Groups ANOVA…… 97
8.3. Illustrated Example of a Factorial ANOVA with a Significant Interaction……….. 98
8.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File………………………………………… 99
8.3.2. Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………….. 100
8.3.2.1. Assumptions……………………………………………………………………. 100
8.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)…………………………….. 100
8.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)………………………………… 102
8.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and
the ANOVA)……………………………………………………………………………….. 103
8.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance
and the ANOVA)…………………………………………………………………………. 105
8.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses………………………………………………………………. 106
8.3.3.1. Simple Effects and Comparisons……………………………………………. 106
8.3.3.2. Effect Size (Omega-Squared)……………………………………………….. 107
8.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………… 109
8.4. Illustrated Example of a Factorial ANOVA with a Non-Significant
Interaction………………………………………………………………………………………. 111
8.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output……………………………………………………………. 112
8.4.2. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………… 113
8.5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….. 113
8.6. Factorial Between Groups ANOVA Checklist………………………………………. 114
Chapter 9 One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA and Mixed Model ANOVA
9.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….. 115
9.2. One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA…………………………………………….. 115
9.3. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way
Repeated Measures ANOVA………………………………………………………………… 115
9.4. Illustrated Example of a One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA……………….. 116
9.4.1. Setting Up The SPSS Statistics Data File………………………………………. 117
9.4.2. Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………….. 117
9.4.2.1. Assumptions……………………………………………………………………. 117
9.4.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)…………………………….. 118
9.4.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)………………………………… 119
9.4.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance,
Sphericity, & the ANOVA)………………………………………………………………. 121
9.4.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance,
Sphericity, & the ANOVA)………………………………………………………………. 123
9.4.3. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………… 125
9.5. Mixed Model ANOVA………………………………………………………………….. 126
9.6. Questions We Could Answer Using the Mixed Model ANOVA………………… 126
9.7. Illustrated Example of a Mixed Model ANOVA……………………………………. 126
9.7.1. Setting Up The SPSS Statistics Data File………………………………………. 127
9.7.2. Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………….. 128
9.7.2.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity,
Homogeneity of Covariance Matrices & the Mixed Model ANOVA)……………. 128
9.7.2.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity,
Homogeneity of Covariance Matrices & the Mixed Model ANOVA)……………. 130
9.7.3. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………… 133
9.8. One-Way Repeated Measures and Mixed Model ANOVA Checklist………….. 133
Chapter 10 One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
10.1. Purpose of the One-Way ANCOVA………………………………………………… 135
10.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way ANCOVA…………………. 135
10.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Significant One-Way ANCOVA………… 136
10.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File…………………………………….. 137
10.3.2. Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………… 138
10.3.2.1. Assumptions………………………………………………………………….. 138
10.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)…………………………… 138
10.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)………………………………. 139
10.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of
Regression Slopes)……………………………………………………………………….. 141
10.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of
Regression Slopes)……………………………………………………………………….. 142
10.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Linearity)…………………………….. 142
10.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity)………………………………… 144
10.3.2.8. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 4: Homogeneity of
Variance & the ANCOVA)………………………………………………………………. 144
10.3.2.9. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance
& the ANCOVA)………………………………………………………………………….. 146
10.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………. 148
10.3.4. Summary…………………………………………………………………………. 148
10.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Non-Significant
One-Way ANCOVA………………………………………………………………………….. 149
10.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)………………………………….. 150
10.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes)……. 151
10.4.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity)……………………………………. 151
10.4.4. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance
& the ANCOVA)…………………………………………………………………………… 152
10.4.5. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………. 153
10.5. One-Way ANCOVA Checklist………………………………………………………. 153
Chapter 11 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
11.1. Purpose of the MANOVA…………………………………………………………….. 155
11.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the MANOVA……………………………… 155
11.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistcally Significant MANOVA……………………… 156
11.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File…………………………………….. 157
11.3.2. Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………… 158
11.3.2.1. Assumptions………………………………………………………………….. 158
11.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Univariate Normality)…………….. 158
11.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Univariate Normality)…………………. 159
11.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Multicollinearity and
Multivariate Outliers)…………………………………………………………………….. 160
11.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Multicollinearity and
Multivariate Outliers)……………………………………………………………………. 162
11.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Linearity)…………………………….. 163
11.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity)………………………………… 165
11.3.2.8. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Part 4: Homogeneity of
Variance-Covariance and the MANOVA)……………………………………………. 165
11.3.2.9. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of
Variance-Covariance and the MANOVA)……………………………………………. 167
11.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………. 169
11.3.4. Summary…………………………………………………………………………. 170
11.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistcally Non-Significant MANOVA……………….. 170
11.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Univariate Normality)…………………….. 171
11.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Multicollinearity and
Multivariate Outliers)……………………………………………………………………… 171
11.4.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity)……………………………………. 172
11.4.4. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output
(Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance and the MANOVA)………………. 173
11.4.5. APA Style Results Write-Up…………………………………………………… 175
11.5. MANOVA Checklist………………………………………………………………. 176
Chapter 12 Correlation
12.1. Purpose of Correlation………………………………………………………………… 177
12.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Correlation…………………………………. 177
12.3. Illustrated Example of a Bivariate Correlation……………………………………. 178
12.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File…………………………………….. 179
12.3.2. Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………… 180Contents
12.3.2.1. Assumptions………………………………………………………………….. 180
12.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)…………………………… 181
12.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)………………………………. 182
12.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Linearity and Homoscedasticity)… 183
12.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Linearity and Homoscedasticity)…….. 184
12.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Correlation)…………………………. 185
12.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Correlation)…………………………….. 185
12.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses…………………………………………………………….. 185
12.3.3.1. Effect Size…………………………………………………………………….. 185
12.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………. 186
12.3.5. Summary…………………………………………………………………………. 186
12.4. Illustrated Example of a Partial Correlation…………………………………… 187
12.4.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure……………………………………………………… 188
12.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output…………………………………………………………. 188
12.4.3. APA Style Results Write-Up…………………………………………………… 189
12.5. Correlation Checklist……………………………………………………………… 189
Chapter 13 Multiple Regression
13.1. Purpose of Multiple Regression……………………………………………………… 191
13.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Multiple Regression……………………….. 192
13.3. Illustrated Example of a Linear Multiple Regression……………………………… 192
13.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File…………………………………….. 193
13.3.2. Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………… 194
13.3.2.1. Assumptions…………………………………………………………………… 194
13.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality and Univariate
Outliers)………………………………………………………………………………………..195
13.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Univariate Outliers)…. 196
13.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: The Remaining Assumptions and
the Linear Multiple Regression)…………………………………………………………. 197
13.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: The Remaining
Assumptions and the Linear Multiple Regression)…………………………………… 199
13.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses…………………………………………………………….. 201
13.3.3.1. Effect Size…………………………………………………………………….. 201
13.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up…………………………………………………… 202
13.3.5. Summary…………………………………………………………………………. 203
13.4. Illustrated Example of a Hierarchical Multiple Regression……………………… 203
13.4.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File…………………………………….. 204
13.4.2. Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………… 204
13.4.2.1. Assumptions………………………………………………………………….. 204
13.4.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure…………………………………………………… 204
13.4.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output………………………………………………………. 205
13.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses…………………………………………………………….. 207
13.4.3.1. Effect Size…………………………………………………………………….. 207
13.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up…………………………………………………… 208
13.5. Purpose of Mediation and Moderation……………………………………………. 210
13.6. Illustrated Examples of Mediation and Moderation……………………………… 211
13.6.1. Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………… 212
13.6.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Mediation)………………………….. 212
13.6.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output………………………………………………………. 213
13.6.1.3. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Moderation)………………………… 214
13.6.1.4. SPSS Statistics Output………………………………………………………. 215
13.6.1.5. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Probing a
Moderation via Simple Slopes)…………………………………………………………. 216
13.6.1.6. SPSS Statistics Output………………………………………………………. 217
13.6.2. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………. 217
13.7. Multiple Regression Checklist……………………………………………………….. 219
Chapter 14 Logistic Regression
14.1. Purpose of Logistic Regression………………………………………………………. 221
14.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Logistic Regression………………………… 222
14.3. Illustrated Example of Binary Logistic Regression………………………………… 222
14.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File…………………………………….. 224
14.3.2. Analysing the Data…………………………………………………………….. .225
14.3.2.1. Assumptions………………………………………………………………….. 225
14.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Multicollinearity)…………………… 226
14.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Multicollinearity)……………………….. 226
14.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Logit Linearity)……………………… 227
14.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Logit Linearity)………………………….. 228
14.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Logistic Regression and Outliers).. 229
14.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Logistic Regression and Outliers)……. 231
14.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up……………………………………………………. 232
14.3.4. Summary…………………………………………………………………………. 234
14.4. Logistic Regression Checklist………………………………………………………… 234
Chapter 15 Factor Analysis
15.1. Purpose of a Factor Analysis………………………………………………………… 235
15.2. Questions We Could Answer Using a Factor Analysis………………………….. 235
15.3. Illustrated Example of Analysing the Factors Underlying a
Smoking Questionnaire………………………………………………………………………. 235
15.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File…………………………………….. 237
15.3.2. Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………… 238
15.3.2.1. Assumptions………………………………………………………………….. 238
15.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)…………………………… 238
15.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)………………………………. 239
15.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Factor Analysis)……………………. 240
15.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Factor Analysis)………………………… 242
15.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up…………………………………………………… 245
15.3.4. Summary…………………………………………………………………………. 246
15.4. Factor Analysis Checklist…………………………………………………………….. 246
Chapter 16 Reliability Analysis
16.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 247
16.2. Cronbach’s Alpha……………………………………………………………………… 247ts
16.2.1. Illustrated Example of the Reliability of Personality Domain Scores……. 248
16.2.1.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File………………………………….. 250
16.2.1.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Reversing Negatively Scaled Items)……… 251
16.2.1.3. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Cronbach’s Alpha)………………………….. 252
16.2.1.4. SPSS Statistics Output………………………………………………………. 253
16.2.1.5. APA Style Results Write-Up…………………………………………………. 255
16.3. Cohen’s Kappa………………………………………………………………………… 255
16.3.1. Illustrated Example Two of Reliability Between Two Raters………………. 255
16.3.1.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File………………………………….. 256
16.3.1.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure…………………………………………………… 257
16.3.1.3. SPSS Statistics Output………………………………………………………. 258
16.3.1.4. APA Style Results Write-Up…………………………………………………. 259
16.4. Reliability Analysis Checklist………………………………………………………… 259
Chapter17 Non-Parametric Procedures
17.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 261
17.2. Chi-Square (c2) Test for Goodness of Fit…………………………………………… 262
17.3. Chi-Square (c2) Test of Contingencies……………………………………………… 268
17.4. Mann-Whitney U Test…………………………………………………………………. 276
17.5. McNemar Test of Change……………………………………………………………. 282
17.6.Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test…………………………………………………………… 287
17.7. Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA………………………………………………….. 293
17.8. Cochran’s Q Test………………………………………………………………………. 299
17.9. Friedman ANOVA…………………………………………………………………….. 304
17.10. Cramer’s V……………………………………………………………………………. 310
17.11. Spearman’s Rho and Kendall’s Tau-B…………………………………………….. 312
17.12. Non-Parametric Checklist…………………………………………………………… 316
Chapter 18 Working with Syntax
18.1. Purpose of Working with Syntax……………………………………………………. 317
18.2. Using Syntax to Conduct an Independent Samples t Test………………………. 317
18.2.1. Generating Syntax to Test the Normality Assumption…………………….. 319
18.2.2. Command Syntax for Testing the Normality Assumption…………………. 320
18.2.3. Generating Syntax for Assessing Homogeneity of Variance
and Running the t Test…………………………………………………………………….. 321
18.2.4. Command Syntax for Assessing Homogeneity of
Variance and Running the t Test………………………………………………………… 322
18.3. Summary………………………………………………………………………………… 322
References …………………………………………………..323
Index …………………………………………………………325