Industrial Relations in Canada, Fourth Edition
By Robert Hebdon, Traver C Brown and Scott Walsworth
Contents:
About the Series XXll
Preface xxm
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter Learning Objectives 1
Opening Vignette: Ontario College Strike 2
What Is Industrial Relations? 2
Industrial Relations 3
IR Today 1.1: Industrial Relations in Universities 3
Labour Relations 4
Human Resources 4
Employee Relations 4
Employment Relations 4
Industrial Relations and This Textbook 5
The Industrial Relations System 5
Dunlop’s Industrial Relations System Model 5
Criticisms of Dunlop’s Industrial Relations System 7
External Inputs 8
IR Today 1.2: Precarious Employment, Youth
and the Gig Economy 11
Actors 12
Internal Inputs l 3
Conversion Mechanisms 13
Outputs 14
IRNotebook 1.1 : RelevantJournals 15
Views oflndustrial Relations 16
Neoclassical Economics View l 6
Pluralist and Institutional View l 6
Human Resources/Strategic Choice 17
Political Economy 1 7
Outline of the Text 18
Summary 19
Key Terms 19
Discussion Qyestions 20
Exercises 20
Case: Ontario College Strike 21
References 22
Chapter 2 Labour History 26
Chapter Learning Objectives 26
Opening Vignette: The Winnipeg General Strike 27
Preunionization 27
Master-Servant Relationship 28
The Movement to Unionization 28
The Early Years (Pre-1900) 28
IR Notebook 2.1: The Nine-Hour Movement 31
IR Notebook 2.2: Labour History- Some Regional Highlights 33
1900- 1920: The Years of Struggle 34
The 1930s and 1940s: Decline and Resurrection 37
The 1950s and 1960s: Reconciliation and Expansion into
the Public Sector 3 9
The 1970s and 1980s: Changing Relationships with Governments
and the United States 40
The 1990s: Increased Resistance 42
The 2000s and Beyond: Major Economic Restructuring Continues 44
IR Today 2.1: The “Gig” Economy 47
Implications for the Future of Labour 48
Larger Unions 48
Social Unionism 48
IR Today 2.2: Business versus Social Unionism 49
Global versus National 49
Summary 50
KeyTerms 50
Discussion Qiestions 51
Exercises 51
Case: From UAW to CAW to Unifor 52
References 54
Chapter 3 Economic, Social, and Political
Environments 61
Chapter Learning Objectives 61
Opening Vignette: How Income Inequality Hurts Every
Canadian’s Chance of Building a Better Life 62
The Economic Context 62
Macroeconomic Policy 62
The Labour Market 63
IR Today 3 .1: GM Announces $170m Investment
in Oshawa Plant That Will Save 300 Jobs 66
Supply of Labour 67
Work-Leisure Decisions 67
IR Notebook 3.1: Immigrants Crucial for Canada’s
Economic Growth 68
IR Notebook 3.2: Canada’s Demographic Transition 70
Social Conditions 70
Public Attitudes toward Unions 71
IR Notebook 3.3: Poll Results Show Majority of Canadians
Hold Favourable View of Unions 72
Work A ttitudes 73
Trends in Income Distribution and Poverty 73
IR Notebook 3.4: Poverty Is Declining in Canada-Especially
for Children 75
Changing Workforce Composition 76
Labour and Employment Relations Challenges 79
The Political Environment 81
IR Today 3.2: B.C. Labour Code Changes to Provide
Greater Protection for Workers 81
Globalization and Politics 84
Summary 85
Key Terms 85
Discussion Qiestions 85
Exercises 86
Case: Outsourcing and Canada-A Good Place to Outsource To! 86
Endnote 87
References 87
Chapter 4 The Legal Environment 92
Chapter Learning Objectives 92
Opening Vignette: Agricultural Workers Voice Concerns
in Federal Review of Temporary Foreign Worker
Program (TFWP) 93
‘Wagner Act History 94
The Snider Case 94
Union Recognition under the ‘Wagner Act Model 96
Labour Boards 96
Duty of Fair Representation 98
Collective Bargaining 98
Good Faith Bargaining 98
IR Notebook 4.1: Unfair Labour Practices under
the P.E.I. Labour Act 99
Dispute Resolution 100
Examples of the Expanded Government Role
in Collective Bargaining 100
Replacement Worker Laws 102
Collective Agreement Administration 102
IR Today 4 .1: Excerpt from Nova Scotia Trade Union Act 103
IR Today 4.2: Ontario Labour Relations Act: Arbitrator Powers 103
Role of the Charter 104
IR Today 4 .3: Charter of Rights and Freedoms 104
Review of Supreme Court Charter Decisions 105
A New Direction for the Supreme Court 108
IR Today 4.4: Supreme Court Relies on ILO Standards 109
IR Today 4.5: Supreme Court Rules on Collective
Bargaining for Agricultural Workers 110
A Right to Strike 110
IR Today 4.6: Canadian Workers Now Have a Constitutionally
Protected Right to Strike 111
Employment Law 111
Employment Conditions 111
IR Today 4.7: CUPE Celebrates Landmark Decision Reaffirming
the Right to Strike in Qiebec 112
Employee Rights 113
International Law 115
Summary 116
Key Terms 117
Discussion Qiestions 117
Exercises 118
Case 1: Recognition under the Canada Labour Code 118
Case 2: A USWA Organizing Drive at Canada Metals, Winnipeg 120
Endnote 120
References 120
Chapter 5 The Union Perspective 123
Chapter Learning Objectives 123
Opening Vignette: Why Join a Union? Top 5 Reasons according
to the United Steelworkers 124
The Contemporary Unionized Workplace 124
Worker Rights and Privileges 125
Advocatingfor Working People 125
IR Today 5.1: CLC Mourns the Passing of Nelson Mandela 125
New Challenges for Unions 126
Union Philosophies 126
Economics 126
Politics 127
IR Today 5.2: Joint Union/Management Task Force on
Diversity and Inclusion in the Public Service 127
IR Today 5.3: Co-op Strike at 3-Month Mark 128
Human Rights 128
Union Models 129
Craft/Occupational Unionism 130
IR Today 5.4: Craft Union: International Brotherhood
of Electrical Workers Constitution 131
Industrial or Multi-skill Unionism 131
IR Today 5.5: Craft Union: Ontario Nurses’ Association 132
IR Notebook 5.1: Unifor (Formerly the CAW) Aims
to Defeat Harper Tories 134
IR Today 5.6: Industrial Union: United Food and
Commercial Workers Canada 135
IR Today 5.7: Nurses Union Urges Action on Long-Term
Care Staffing 136
IR Today 5.8: Public Sector Union: Canadian Union
of Public Employees Constitution 137
IR Today 5.9: Discord within the House of Labour 138
IR Today 5.10: Inside NHLPA: Business Affairs 139
Organization and Structure 139
Union Size 13 9
Union Affiliation l 3 9
IR Today 5.11: CAW, CEP Union Merger Suggests
Greater Power in Numbers 141
IR Today 5.12: About the CLC 142
IR Notebook 5.2: The Supreme Court of Canada
Recognizes Right to Strike 143
Union Democracy 143
Why Employees Join Unions 145
Collective Voice 14 5
Utility 146
IR Notebook 5.3: Democracy at Work in the Public
Service Alliance of Canada (PSAC) 147
IR Notebook 5.4: Gain Advantage-Join the Union 147
Politics or Ideology 148
IR Today 5.13: Union Advantage 148
Why Employees Leave Unions 148
Why Do Unions Choose Certain Workplaces to Unionize? 149
Membership Patterns 149
The Changing Face of Unionization 153
The Growing Proportion of Women 153
Lower Union Density among Younger Workers 155
Differences by Region 155
Labour and the Environment 156
IR Today 5.14: Greenpeace: Tar Sands Destroying the
Environment 157
IR Today 5.15: Excerpt from CLC Plan for Green Jobs 158
Blue-Green Coalitions 158
IR Today 5.16: Better Municipal Transit Creates Jobs,
Cuts Greenhouse Gases 159
Summary 159
Key Terms 160
Discussion Q!lestions 160
Exercises 161
Case: Democracy and Finances in an OPSEU Local 161
References 163
Chapter 6 The Management Perspective 167
Chapter Learning Objectives 167
Opening Vignette: Canadian Hockey League: Employees
or Student Athletes? 168
The Evolving Managerial View 169
Master- Servant Relationship 169
Scientific Management (Iaylorism) 170
Human Relations 170
IR Notebook 6.1: Amazon: The Qiest for Efficiency 171
Human Resources Management (HRM) 172
The Growing Role of Management 173
The Strategic Choice Framework 173
Industrial Relations and Business Strategies 176
Management Strategies Related to Unions 177
IR Today 6.1: Union Avoidance Training 179
Current Managerial Perspectives and Trends 180
High-Peiformance Workplaces and Work Practices (HPWPs) 181
Non-union Employee Representation 183
IR Notebook 6.2: The NLMA: A Professional Association or a
Union? 186
Nonstandard Work Arrangements 187
IR Today 6.2: Precarious Employment in Higher Education 189
Summary 190
Key Terms 190
Discussion Qiestions 190
Exercises 191
Case: Provincial Cannabis Retailers 192
References 194
Chapter 7 Collective Bargaining 202
Chapter Learning Objectives 202
Opening Vignette: CUPW Gives Notice of Rotating Strikes in
Toronto & the GTA 203
Conflict-of-Interest Assumption 203
How Collective Bargaining Differs from
Individual Negotiations 204
IR Today 7.1: Strategic Negotiations 205
The Four Subprocesses of Collective Bargaining 205
Distributive Bargaining 206
Integrative Bargaining 206
Intra-team Bargaining 206
Attitudinal Structuring 207
Strategies and Tactics of the Bargaining 207
Subprocesses 207
Distributive Bargaining Tactics 208
Integrative Bargaining Tactics 208
Intra-team Tactics 208
Building Trust Tactics 209
A Collective Bargaining Model 209
Union-Employer Pressures 212
IR Today 7.2: Day 646 of D-J Composites Lockout Marked
by Big Union Rally 213
Employer- Union Member/ Employee Pressures 216
Union-Union Member Pressures 216
Bargaining Step by Step 216
The Dos and Don’ts of Bargaining 218
IR Today 7.3: A Negotiated Settlement 219
Interest-Based Bargaining (IBB) 219
What Is It? 219
IBB Steps 221
Why Is IBB So Difficult to Achieve? 221
Does IBB Work? 222
Summary 225
Key Terms 225
Discussion Qpestions 225
Exercises 225
Case: The Strike at Vale, 2009- 2010 226
Endnotes 231
References 232
Chapter 8 Collective Agreement Administration 233
Chapter Learning Objectives 233
Opening Vignette: University Hospital 234
Role and Layout of a Collective Agreement 234
‘Jjpes of Clauses 235
IR Notebook 8.1: Sample Table of Contents: The University
of Western Ontario Graduate Teaching Assistants 236
Rights of Parties 237
IR Today 8.1: Gender References in Collective
Agreement Language 239
Organization of Work 240
IR Today 8.2: Tone of the Union-Management Relationship 241
Labour Relations 244
Education, Training, and Employee Development 248
Conditions of Work 249
IR Today 8.3: Collective Agreement Language
Concerning Cannabis 258
Special Issues in Collective Agreements 259
Bumping 259
Super-Seniority 260
The Subtleties of Language 260
IR Notebook 8.2: Complexity of Collective
Agreement Language 261
A Special Case: The First Collective Agreement 262
Summary 262
Key Terms 263
Discussion Qiestions 263
Exercises 264
Case: Automotive Restructuring 267
End notes 268
References 268
Chapter9 Conflict Resolution: Grievances and Strikes 273
Chapter Learning Objectives 273
Opening Vignette: Thunder Bay Public Health Nurses’ Strike 274
Strikes 275
Defining Industrial Disputes 275
Strike Steps 277
IR Today 9 .1: Requirements for a Legal Strike 278
Strike Statistics 278
Theories, Causes, and Impacts of Strikes 286
Strike Theories 287
Strike Causes 288
Strike Impacts 290
IR Today 9.2: Unexpected Results: The Relationship
between Strikes and Legislation 291
IR Today 9.3: The Role of Third Parties 292
Grievances in Unionized Workplaces 292
Grievances Defined 293
The Grievance Procedure 2 9 5
Grievance Initiation 298
Grievance Effectiveness and Outcomes 299
IR Notebook 9.1: Grievances as a Union Advantage 300
Non-union Grievances 301
Tjpes of Non-union Grievances 301
W’hy Would Management Opt for a Non-union Grievance
Procedure? 302
Summary 302
Key Terms 303
Discussion Qpestions 303
Exercises 303
Case: D-J Composites Dispute 304
References 306
Chapter 10 Third-Party Dispute Resolution Procedures 313
Chapter Learning Objectives 313
Opening Vignette: Canadian Google Employees Stage Walkout
over Sexual Misconduct Allegations 314
Introduction 315
Grievance Arbitration 315
Rights Arbitration 315
IR Today 10.1: Cygnus Gymnastics 318
The Forms of Arbitration 321
Conventional Tripartite Arbitration 321
Sole Arbitration 32 l
Expedited Arbitration 32 l
Problems with Current Grievance Arbitration Processes 322
Interest Arbitration 322
Conventional Interest Arbitration 323
Final-Offer Arbitration 323
First Agreement Arbitration 323
The Pros and Cons of Interest Arbitration 323
Other Conversion Mechanisms 323
Conciliation and Mediation 323
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Options 324
Alternative Dispute Resolution in Non-union Firms 324
IR Notebook 10.1 : Grievance Mediation: An Alternative to Costly Arbitration 325
Summary 326
Key Terms 326
Discussion Qiestions 326
Exercises 327
Case: A Christmas Greeting 328
Endnote 329
References 329
Chapter 11 Impacts of Unionization 331
Chapter Learning Objectives 331
Opening Vignette: No Pain, No Gain 332
Impact of Unions on the Canadian Workplace 332
IR Today 11.1 : “Bargaining Is at a Standstill” 333
The Existing Evidence 334
Union Impact on Management Practices 334
Staffing 336
IR Notebook 11.1: Fact Sheet: Two-Tier Bargaining-How
to Recognize It and Reject It 337
Training and Development 339
Peiformance Appraisal 340
job Evaluation and job Analysis 340
Compensation 341
IRNotebook 11.2: The Union Dilemma: Pay or Jobs? 341
IR Notebook 11.3 : The Gender Pay Gap in Canada 346
IR Today 11.2: 7 Reasons You Should Join a Union 347
Equality, Participation, and Safety 348
IR Today 11.3: Canada’s Unions Mourn the Death
of Three Rail Workers in BC 349
HR Practices in Unions 350
Overall Impact 350
Unions and Firm Measures 350
Productivity 3 51
Profitability and Innovation 353
Investment and Return on Investment 354
The Impact of Unionization on Employee Measures 354
Voluntary Turnover (Quit Rates) 354
job Satiifaction and Intention to Quit 355
The Social Good 357
Summary 358
Key Terms 358
Discussion Qiestions 359
Exercises 3 5 9
Case: A Union of Sex Workers? 360
References 362
Chapter 12 Public-Sector Issues 369
Chapter Learning Objectives 369
Opening Vignette: Ontario Judge Finds Back-to-Work Legislation Aimed
at Postal Workers Violates Charter 370
Why Study Public-Sector Labour-Management Relations? 371
A Significant Industry 371
Highly Unionized 371
Important Part of the Labour Movement in Canada 3 71
Different Legislative Framework 371
Role of Government 372
Impeifect Labour Market 372
Politics and Public Opinion 373
IR Today 12.1: 9,600 Postal Workers on Strike 373
History of Public Sector Bargaining 374
Union Growth Factors 374
IR Today 12.2: Memphis Sanitation Strike, 1968 374
An Economic Analysis of Union Power 375
Dispute Resolution in the Public Sector 377
Recent Developments in Dispute Resolution 378
IR Notebook 12.1: Nova Scotia Teachers Union Says
Government “Has Done Enough” to Avoid Strike 380
Innovations in Dispute Resolution 381
The Four Generations of Public-Sector Bargaining 381
Management Issues 382
Restructuring: An International Phenomenon 382
The Canadian Context 383
Implications of Restructuring for Union-Management
Relations in Canada 385
Government Policies 385
Management Employees 3 85
Unionized Employees 385
IR Today 12.3: Manitoba Government, Unions Heading
to Court over Wage Freeze Bill 386
Management Issues 3 87
Union Issues 388
Summary 389
Key Terms 389
Discussion Qiestions 3 90
Exercises 3 90
Case: The Case of the Ontario Office of the Registrar General 390
Endnotes 3 97
References 3 97
Appendix A: Collective Bargaining Simulation: Coastal Crops Ltd. (CCL) 400
Appendix B: Collective Bargaining Simulation: Two-Tier Contract at
Community Grocery 412
Appendix C: Arbitration: The Case of Robyn Andrews 418
Glossary 424
Index 429