Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
By Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, and Donald J. DeCoste
Contents:
To the Professor x
To the Student xiii
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Chapter 1 | Chemical Foundations 1
1.1 Chemistry: An Overview 2
Chemistry in Your Career Senior Scientist 3
1.2 Science: A Process for Understanding Nature and Its
Changes 5
Chemical Connections A Note-able Achievement 7
1.3 Units of Measurement 8
Chemical Connections Critical Units! 10
1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement 11
1.5 Significant Figures and Calculations 14
1.6 Learning to Solve Problems Systematically 18
1.7 Dimensional Analysis 18
1.8 Temperature 22
1.9 Density 26
1.10 Classification of Matter 27
1.11 Separation of Mixtures 29
For Review 31 | Key Terms 31 | Questions and Exercises 33
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Chapter 2 | Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 34
2.1 The Early History of Chemistry 35
2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws 36
2.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 38
2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom 40
2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure:
An Introduction 43
2.6 Molecules and Ions 45
2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table 47
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds 49
Chemistry in Your Career Advanced Emergency Medical
Technician 50
For Review 61 | Key Terms 61 | Questions and Exercises 64
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Chapter 3 | Stoichiometry 67
3.1 Counting by Weighing 68
Chemistry in Your Career Staff Director of Select
Committee on the Climate Crisis 69
3.2 Atomic Masses 69
3.3 The Mole 72
3.4 Molar Mass 76
3.5 Learning to Solve Problems 78
3.6 Percent Composition of Compounds 81
3.7 Determining the Formula of a Compound 82
3.8 Chemical Equations 89
3.9 Balancing Chemical Equations 91
3.10 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and
Products 94
3.11 The Concept of Limiting Reactant 99
For Review 110 | Key Terms 110 | Questions and Exercises 113
Chapter 4 | Types of Chemical Reactions and
Solution Stoichiometry 116
4.1 Water, the Common Solvent 117
Chemistry in Your Career Dentist 119
4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak
Electrolytes 119
Chemical Connections Arrhenius: A Man with
Solutions 123
4.3 The Composition of Solutions 123
4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions 130
4.5 Precipitation Reactions 131
4.6 Describing Reactions in Solution 136
4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions 137
4.8 Acid–Base Reactions 140
4.9 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 146
4.10 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations 151
4.11 Simple Oxidation–Reduction Titrations 157
For Review 158 | Key Terms 158 | Questions and Exercises 162
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Chapter 5 | Gases 163
5.1 Pressure 164
Chemistry in Your Career Executive Publisher 165
5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro 166
5.3 The Ideal Gas Law 172
5.4 Gas Stoichiometry 178
5.5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 182
Chemical Connections The Chemistry of Air Bags 184
5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 188
5.7 Effusion and Diffusion 195
5.8 Real Gases 197
5.9 Characteristics of Several Real Gases 200
5.10 Chemistry in the Atmosphere 200
For Review 203 | Key Terms 203 | Questions and Exercises 207
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Chapter 6 | Thermochemistry 209
6.1 The Nature of Energy 210
Chemistry in Your Career Vice President of Food and
Nutrition 212
6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry 217
Chemical Connections Nature Has Hot Plants 220
6.3 Hess’s Law 224
6.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation 228
6.5 Present Sources of Energy 235
For Review 238 | Key Terms 238 | Questions and Exercises 241
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source
Chapter 7 | Atomic Structure and Periodicity 242
7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 243
7.2 The Nature of Matter 245
Chemical Connections Fireworks 247
Chemistry in Your Career COO and Clinic Director 251
7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen 252
7.4 The Bohr Model 252
Chemical Connections 0.046 Femtometer Is a
Big Deal 256
7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 257
7.6 Quantum Numbers 260
7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies 261
7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle 264
7.9 Polyelectronic Atoms 264
7.10 The History of the Periodic Table 266
7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table 268
Chemical Connections The Chemistry of
Copernicium 270
7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 275
7.13 The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals 282
For Review 285 | Key Terms 285 | Questions and Exercises 288
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Chapter 8 | Bonding: General Concepts 290
8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds 291
Chemical Connections No Lead Pencils 293
Chemistry in Your Career Safety Training and Outreach
Manager 295
8.2 Electronegativity 295
8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 297
8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes 300
8.5 Energy Effects in Binary Ionic Compounds 304
8.6 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds 308
8.7 The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model 309
8.8 Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions 312
8.9 The Localized Electron Bonding Model 315
8.10 Lewis Structures 315
Chemical Connections Nitrogen Under
Pressure 319
8.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 319
8.12 Resonance 323
8.13 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model 327
Chemical Connections Chemical Structure and
Communication: Semiochemicals 336
For Review 340 | Key Terms 340 | Questions and Exercises 342
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Chapter 9 | Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 344
9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model 345
9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model 357
9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 360
9.4 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 366
Chemical Connections What’s Hot? 367
9.5 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular
Orbital Models 368
Chemistry in Your Career Materials Team Lead 370
For Review 371 | Key Terms 371 | Questions and Exercises 373
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Chapter 10 | Liquids and Solids 375
10.1 A Review of States of Matter 376
10.2 Intermolecular Forces 377
Chemistry in Your Career Pharmaceuticals Project
Manager 379
10.3 The Liquid State 383
Chemical Connections Smart Fluids 384
10.4 An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids 385
10.5 Structure and Bonding in Metals 390
Chemical Connections Closest Packing of M & Ms 394
10.6 Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids 395
Chemical Connections Graphene—Miracle
Substance? 397
10.7 Molecular Solids 402
10.8 Ionic Solids 404
10.9 Vapor Pressure and Changes of State 407
10.10 Phase Diagrams 414
For Review 419 | Key Terms 419 | Questions and Exercises 422
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Stock Photo
Chapter 11 | Properties of Solutions 425
11.1 Solution Composition 426
Chemistry in Your Career Educator and Environmental
Protection Monitor 429
11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation 430
11.3 Factors Affecting Solubility 434
11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions 438
Chemical Connections The Lake Nyos Tragedy 439
11.5 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression 444
11.6 Osmotic Pressure 447
11.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 452
Chemical Connections The Drink of
Champions—Water 454
11.8 Colloids 454
Chemical Connections Organisms and Ice
Formation 455
For Review 456 | Key Terms 456 | Questions and Exercises 459
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Chapter 12 | Chemical Kinetics 461
12.1 Reaction Rates 462
Chemistry in Your Career U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission Data Analyst 465
12.2 Rate Laws: An Introduction 466
12.3 Determining the Form of the Rate Law 468
12.4 The Integrated Rate Law 472
12.5 Reaction Mechanisms 483
12.6 A Model for Chemical Kinetics 488
12.7 Catalysis 494
Chemical Connections Enzymes: Nature’s Catalysts 496
For Review 500 | Key Terms 500 | Questions and Exercises 503
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Chapter 13 | Chemical Equilibrium 506
13.1 The Equilibrium Condition 507
Chemistry in Your Career Chemistry Teacher 509
13.2 The Equilibrium Constant 510
13.3 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures 514
13.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria 517
13.5 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant 518
13.6 Solving Equilibrium Problems 527
13.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle 532
For Review 539 | Key Terms 539 | Questions and Exercises 542
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Chapter 14 | Acids and Bases 546
14.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases 547
Chemistry in Your Career Associate Professor of Ethnic
Studies 550
14.2 Acid Strength 550
14.3 The pH Scale 555
14.4 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions 558
14.5 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions 559
14.6 Bases 568
Chemical Connections Amines 572
14.7 Polyprotic Acids 573
14.8 Acid–Base Properties of Salts 579
14.9 The Effect of Structure on Acid–Base Properties 584
14.10 Acid–Base Properties of Oxides 586
14.11 The Lewis Acid–Base Model 586
14.12 Strategy for Solving Acid–Base Problems: A Summary 589
For Review 589 | Key Terms 589 | Questions and Exercises 594
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Chapter 15 | Acid–Base Equilibria 597
15.1 Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion 598
Chemistry in Your Career Ceramics Glazer 600
15.2 Buffered Solutions 601
15.3 Buffering Capacity 609
15.4 Titrations and pH Curves 613
15.5 Acid–Base Indicators 627
15.6 Polyprotic Acid Titrations 632
For Review 634 | Key Terms 634 | Questions and Exercises 636
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Chapter 16 | Solubility and Complex Ion
Equilibria 640
16.1 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product 641
Chemistry in Your Career FDA Supervisory
Pharmacologist 642
Chemical Connections The Chemistry of Teeth 645
16.2 Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis 650
16.3 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions 656
For Review 661 | Key Terms 661 | Questions and Exercises 663
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Chapter 17 | Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free
Energy 665
17.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy 666
17.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 671
Chemical Connections Entropy: An Organizing
Force? 672
Chemistry in Your Career Physician Assistant in
Neurosurgery, Urgent Care, Wound Care 673
17.3 The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity 673
17.4 Free Energy 676
17.5 Entropy Changes in Aqueous Solutions 679
17.6 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions 680
17.7 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions 684
17.8 The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure 689
17.9 Free Energy and Equilibrium 692
17.10 Free Energy and Work 697
For Review 699 | Key Terms 699 | Questions and Exercises 702
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Chapter 18 | Electrochemistry 705
18.1 Galvanic Cells 706
Chemistry in Your Career Health Planner 708
18.2 Standard Reduction Potentials 709
18.3 Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy 716
18.4 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration 719
18.5 Batteries 724
18.6 Corrosion 727
18.7 Electrolysis 729
Chemical Connections The Chemistry of Sunken
Treasure 733
18.8 Commercial Electrolytic Processes 734
For Review 739 | Key Terms 739 | Questions and Exercises 744
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Chapter 19 | The Nucleus: A Chemist’s View 745
Chemistry in Your Career Professor 746
19.1 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay 747
19.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay 752
19.3 Nuclear Transformations 755
Chemical Connections Tennessine 756
19.4 Detection and Uses of Radioactivity 757
19.5 Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus 762
19.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 765
19.7 Effects of Radiation 768
For Review 770 | Key Terms 770 | Questions and Exercises 773
Chapter 20 | The Representative Elements 775
20.1 A Survey of the Representative Elements 776
Chemistry in Your Career Artist and Art Educator 779
20.2 The Group 1A(1) Elements 781
20.3 The Chemistry of Hydrogen 782
20.4 The Group 2A(2) Elements 785
20.5 The Group 3A(13) Elements 786
20.6 The Group 4A(14) Elements 787
Chemical Connections Beethoven: Hair Is the Story 789
20.7 The Group 5A(15) Elements 790
20.8 The Chemistry of Nitrogen 791
Chemical Connections Nitrous Oxide: Laughing Gas
That Propels Whipped Cream and Cars 797
20.9 The Chemistry of Phosphorus 797
20.10 The Group 6A(16) Elements 799
20.11 The Chemistry of Oxygen 800
20.12 The Chemistry of Sulfur 801
20.13 The Group 7A(17) Elements 803
20.14 The Group 8A(18) Elements 807
For Review 808 | Key Terms 808 | Questions and Exercises 812
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Chapter 21 | Transition Metals and Coordination
Chemistry 813
21.1 The Transition Metals: A Survey 814
Chemistry in Your Career NASA Researcher 819
21.2 The First-Row Transition Metals 819
Chemical Connections Titanium Dioxide—Miracle
Coating 821
21.3 Coordination Compounds 824
21.4 Isomerism 828
Chemical Connections The Importance of Being cis 831
21.5 Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron
Model 833
21.6 The Crystal Field Model 834
Chemical Connections Transition Metal Ions Lend Color
to Gems 838
21.7 The Biological Importance of Coordination Complexes 841
21.8 Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production 845
For Review 852 | Key Terms 852 | Questions and Exercises 855
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Chapter 22 | Organic and Biological
Molecules 858
22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons 859
Chemistry in Your Career Associate Director,
Biotechnology Company 867
22.2 Alkenes and Alkynes 867
22.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 870
22.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 872
22.5 Polymers 878
22.6 Natural Polymers 886
Chemical Connections Tanning in the Shade 893
For Review 901 | Key Terms 901 | Questions and Exercises 904
Appendix 1 | Mathematical Procedures A1
A1.1 Exponential Notation A1
A1.2 Logarithms A4
A1.3 Graphing Functions A6
A1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations A7
A1.5 Uncertainties in Measurements A10
Appendix 2 | The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular
Model A14
Appendix 3 | Spectral Analysis A18
Appendix 4 | Selected Thermodynamic Data A21
Appendix 5 | Equilibrium Constants and Reduction
Potentials A24
A5.1 Values of Ka for Some Common Monoprotic Acids A24
A5.2 Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common
Polyprotic Acids A24
A5.3 Values of Kb for Some Common Weak Bases A25
A5.4 Ksp Values at 258C for Common Ionic Solids A25
A5.5 Standard Reduction Potentials at 258C (298 K) for Many
Common Half-Reactions A26
Appendix 6 | SI Units and Conversion Factors A27
Appendix 7 | Molecular Spectroscopy:
An Introduction A28
Answers to Selected Exercises A31
Index A72