Our Sexuality, Enhanced Fourteenth Edition
Robert Crooks, Karla Baur and Laura Widman
Contents
Chapter 1
Perspectives on Sexuality 1
Sexual Intelligence 2
A Psychosocial Orientation 3
Diversity in Human Sexuality 4
Let’s Talk About It A Child–Parent Sex Talk 6
Our Cultural Legacy: Sex for Procreation and Rigid
Gender Roles 8
Sex for Procreation 8
Rigid Gender Roles in Sexuality 9
Sexuality in the Western World: A Historical
Perspective 11
Judaic and Christian Traditions 11
Sex as Sinful 12
Eve Versus Mary 12
A Sex-Positive Shift 13
The Victorian Era 13
Sexuality & Diversity Slavery’s Assault on Sexuality and Gender Roles 14
Sexuality & Diversity Islamic Traditions 15
The Beginning of the 20th Century 16
After World War II 17
The Media and Sexuality 19
Traditional Media 20
New Media and Sexuality 23
Sexuality: Where the Personal Is Political 25
Summary 26
Chapter 2
Sex Research: Methods
and Challenges 27
The Goals of Sexology 29
Nonexperimental Research Methods 30
Qualitative Studies 30
Surveys 32
Sex and Politics Sex Research Under Siege 35
Direct Observation 36
The Experimental Method 38
Important Considerations in Sex Research 39
Choosing the Sample 39
Technologies in Sex Research 41
Problems of Sex Research 43
Ethical Guidelines for Human Sex Research 45
Evaluating Research: Some Questions to Ask 46
Summary 46
Chapter 3
Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology 49
The Vulva 50
The Mons Veneris 51
The Labia Majora 52
The Labia Minora 52
Genital Alteration 52
Your Sexual Health Female Genital
Self-Exam 53
The Clitoris 55
Sexuality & Diversity Female Genital Cutting:
Torture or Tradition? 56
The Vestibule 57
The Urethral Opening 57
The Introitus and the Hymen 57
The Perineum 58
Underlying Structures 58
Internal Structures 59
The Vagina 60
Your Sexual Health Kegel Exercises 62
The Cervix 64
The Uterus 64
The Fallopian Tubes 64
The Ovaries 65
Menstruation 65
Attitudes About Menstruation 65
Menarche 66
Menstrual Physiology 67
The Menstrual Cycle 68
Sexual Activity and the Menstrual Cycle 70
Menstrual Cycle Problems 70
Menopause 73
Hormone Therapy 74
Gynecological Health Concerns 75
Urinary Tract Infections 76
Vaginal Infections 76
The Pap Smear 77
Surgical Removal of the Uterus and Ovaries 77
The Breasts 78
Breast Self-Exam 80
Breast Cancer Screening 80
Breast Lumps 81
Your Sexual Health How to Examine Your Breasts 82
Breast Cancer 82
Summary 85
Chapter 4
Male Sexual Anatomy
and Physiology 87
Sexual Anatomy 88
The Penis 88
Sexuality & Diversity Male Genital Modification:
Cultural Beliefs and Practices 90
Strengthening Musculature Around the Penis 91
The Scrotum 91
The Testes 93
The Vas Deferens 94
Your Sexual Health Male Genital Self-Examination 95
The Seminal Vesicles 96
The Prostate Gland 96
The Cowper’s Glands 97
Semen 97
Sexual Functions 97
Erection 98
Ejaculation 98
Concerns About Sexual Functioning 100
Penis Size 100
Sexuality & Diversity Koro: The Genital Retraction
Syndrome 102
Circumcision 103
Sex and Politics “Intactivists” Attempt to Criminalize
Infant Circumcision in San Francisco 104
Genital Health Concerns 105
The Penis: Health-Care Issues 105
Penile Cancer 106
Testicular Cancer 107
Diseases of the Prostate 107
Summary 109
Chapter 5
Gender Identity 111
Sex and Gender 112
Gender Identity Formation 113
Biological Sex Process: Typical Prenatal
Differentiation 114
Differences in Sexual Development 120
Sex-Chromosome Variations 121
Variations Affecting Prenatal Hormonal
Processes 123
Treatment Strategies for People with
Differences in Sexual Development: Debate
and Controversy 124
The Interactional Model of Gender Development 126
Gender Identity: A Spectrum 127
Transgender Variations: Evolving Terminology 127
Let’s Talk About It Respectful Communication
with a Trans Person 128
Transitioning 129
Acceptance and Civil Rights 132
Social-Learning Influences on Gender Identity 133
Gender Roles 133
Sexuality & Diversity Racial/Ethnic Variations in
Gender Roles 134
How Do We Learn Gender Roles? 136
Gender-Role Expectations: Their Impact on Our
Sexuality 140
Summary 143
Chapter 6
Sexual Arousal
and Response 145
The Brain and Sexual Arousal 146
Sexuality & Diversity Cultural Variations in Sexual
Arousal 147
Spotlight on Research Monitoring Brain Function
During Sexual Arousal with Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging 149
The Senses and Sexual Arousal 150
Touch 150
Vision 151
Smell 151
Taste 152
Hearing 152
Aphrodisiacs and Anaphrodisiacs in Sexual
Arousal 153
Aphrodisiacs: Do They Work? 153
Anaphrodisiacs 156
The Role of Hormones 157
Sex Hormones in the Sexual Behavior of Men 157
Sex Hormones in the Sexual Behavior
of Women 159
Oxytocin in Sexual Behavior 160
Sexual Response 160
Kaplan’s Three-Stage Model 160
Bancroft and Janssen’s Dual Control
Model of Sexual Response 161
Masters and Johnson’s Four-Phase Model 161
The Grafenberg Spot 165
Gender Differences in Sexual Response 167
Greater Variability in Female Response 167
Spotlight on Research Gender Differences
in Sex Drive 168
Multiple Orgasms 168
Aging and the Sexual Response Cycle 169
Sexual Response Cycle of Older Women 169
Sexual Response Cycle of Older Men 170
Summary 171
Chapter 7
Love and Communication
in Intimate Relationships 173
What Is Love? 174
Types of Love in Intimate Relationships 175
Passionate Love 175
Companionate Love 175
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love 176
Chapman’s Five Love Languages 178
Falling in Love: Why and With Whom? 179
The Chemistry of Love 179
Falling for Whom? 180
Proximity 180
Similarity 180
Reciprocity 181
Physical Attractiveness 181
How Has the Internet Changed Whom
We Fall in Love With? 182
Love and Styles of Attachment 183
Attachment Styles 183
Adult Intimate Relationships as an
Attachment Process 185
Is It Possible to Make People Fall in Love? 186
Issues in Loving Relationships 186
What Is the Relationship Between
Love and Sex? 187
Jealousy in Relationships 189
Maintaining Relationship Satisfaction 190
Ingredients in a Lasting Love Relationship 190
Let’s Talk About It Coping With Jealousy, the
Green-Eyed Monster 191
Sexual Variety: An Important Ingredient 193
The Importance of Sexual Communication 193
Let’s Talk About It Consent for Everyone! 194
Talking: Getting Started 195
Talking About Talking 195
Reading and Discussing 195
Sharing Sexual Histories 195
Listening and Feedback 195
Be an Active Listener 196
Maintain Eye Contact 196
Provide Feedback 196
Support Your Partner’s Communication Efforts 196
Express Unconditional Positive Regard 197
Discover Your Partner’s Needs 197
Ask Questions 197
Self-Disclosure 198
Discussing Sexual Preferences 199
Giving Permission 200
Learning to Make Requests 200
Taking Responsibility for Our Own Pleasure 200
Making Requests Specific 200
Expressing and Receiving Complaints 201
Constructive Strategies for Expressing Complaints 201
Let’s Talk About It The Benefits of Affectionate
Communication 202
Receiving Complaints 205
Saying No 206
A Three-Step Approach to Saying No 206
Nonverbal Sexual Communication 206
Facial Expressions 207
Interpersonal Distance 207
Touching 207
Sounds 208
Communication Patterns in Successful
and Unsuccessful Relationships 208
Constructive Communication Tactics 209
Destructive Communication Tactics 209
Summary 211
Chapter 8
Sexual Behaviors 213
Celibacy 214
Erotic Dreams and Fantasy 215
Erotic Dreams 215
Erotic Fantasy 216
Similarities and Differences in Sexual Fantasy
by Gender and Sexual Identity 218
Fantasies: Help or Hindrance? 218
Masturbation 219
Perspectives on Masturbation 219
Purposes of Masturbation 221
Self-Pleasuring Techniques 223
Sexual Expression: The Importance of Context 225
The Context of Sexual Expression 225
Frequency of Partner Sexual Activity 225
Kissing and Touching 226
Kissing 226
Touching 227
Oral–Genital Stimulation 229
Sexuality & Diversity Oral Sex Experiences
Among Americans 231
Anal Sex Play and Penetration 232
Vaginal Intercourse 233
Kink 235
Intercourse the Tantric Way 236
Summary 237
Chapter 9
Sexual Identity 239
A Continuum of Sexual Orientations 240
Sexual Fluidity 241
Asexuality 242
Bisexuality 243
Homosexuality 245
What Determines Sexual Orientation? 245
Shifting Societal Attitudes 247
Spotlight on Research Where Does Straight
End and Gay Begin? 247
Sexuality & Diversity A Cross-Cultural Perspective
on Homosexuality 248
Judeo-Christian Attitudes Toward Homosexuality 249
From Sin to Sickness 249
Homophobia 250
The Gay Rights Movement 252
The Stonewall Incident and Beyond 253
Decriminalization of Private Sexual Behavior 253
Antidiscrimination 254
Equal Rights: Legal Marriage for Same-Sex
Couples 254
LGBTQ+ Representation in the Media 256
Coming Out 256
Let’s Talk About It Guidelines for Coming Out 260
LGBTQ+ Relationships in Context 261
Summary 264
Chapter 10
Contraception 266
Historical and Social Perspectives 267
Contraception in the United States 267
Contraception as a Contemporary Issue 268
Sex and Politics The Power of Pro-Life
Anti-Contraception Politics 270
The Importance of Access to Contraception 270
Contraception as a Global Issue 273
Choosing a Birth Control Method 274
Your Sexual Health Which Common
Reversible Contraceptive Method Is Best
for You? 279
Outercourse 279
Hormone-Based Contraceptives 280
Oral Contraceptives 280
The Vaginal Ring and the Transdermal Patch 281
Injected Contraceptives 282
Contraceptive Implant 282
Barrier and Spermicide Methods 283
Condoms 283
Let’s Talk About It Don’t Go Inside Without
Your Rubbers On 285
Vaginal Spermicides 287
Cervical Barrier Devices 288
Intrauterine Devices 289
How the IUD Works 290
Emergency Contraception 291
Fertility Awareness Methods 292
Calendar Method 293
Standard Days Method 293
Mucus Method 294
Basal Body Temperature Method 294
Symptothermal Method 295
Sterilization 295
Female Sterilization 295
Male Sterilization 297
Less Reliable Methods 298
Withdrawal 298
Lactational Amenorrhea Method 298
Douching 298
New Directions in Contraception 299
New Directions for Male Contraceptives 299
New Directions for Female Contraceptives 299
Summary 300
Chapter 11
Conceiving Children: Process
and Choice 302
Parenthood as an Option 303
Becoming Pregnant 304
Enhancing the Possibility of Conception 304
Sexuality & Diversity Preselecting a Baby’s Sex:
Technology and Cross-Cultural Issues 304
Infertility 305
Pregnancy Detection 311
Spontaneous and Elective Abortion 312
Miscarriage and Stillbirth 312
Elective Abortion 312
Sex and Politics From Roe v. Wade to the Overturning
of Roe v. Wade 314
The Experience of Pregnancy 319
Sexual Interaction During Pregnancy 319
A Healthy Pregnancy 320
Fetal Development 320
Prenatal Care 322
Your Sexual Health Folic Acid and Fetal
Development 323
Risks to Fetal Development 323
Pregnancy After Age 35 325
Fatherhood After Age 45 326
Childbirth 326
Contemporary Childbirth 327
Stages of Childbirth 327
After Childbirth 329
Breast-Feeding 329
Sexual Interaction After Childbirth 331
Summary 332
Chapter 12
Sexuality During
Childhood and
Adolescence 334
Sexual Behavior During Infancy and Childhood 335
Infant Sexuality 335
Childhood Sexuality 336
Physical Changes of Adolescence 339
Sexual Behavior During Adolescence 341
Masturbation 342
Relationships and Partnered Sexual
Activity 342
Sexual Intercourse 343
Sex and Politics Antigay Harassment/Bullying
of Adolescents 346
Online Sexual Exploration 348
Adolescent Pregnancy 349
Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy 349
Use of Contraceptives 350
Strategies for Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy 351
Sex Education 353
Answering Children’s Questions About Sex 353
Initiating Conversations When Children
Do Not Ask Questions 354
School-Based Sex Education 355
Sex and Politics Political Battle Over Sex
Education 356
Summary 357
Chapter 13
Sexuality and the
Adult Years 359
Single Living 360
Singles and the Internet 361
Cohabitation 362
Marriage 363
Marriage in Current Collectivist and
Individualist Cultures 364
Same-Sex Marriage 365
Interracial Marriage 365
Polygamy, Polygyny, and Polyandry 366
Sex and Politics Marriage in Crisis 367
Sexuality & Diversity Where Women Choose 368
Marriage in the United States 369
Changing Expectations and Marital
Patterns 370
Predicting Marital Satisfaction 371
Your Sexual Health Know Your Partner 372
Sexual Behavior and Satisfaction in
Marriage 372
Nonmonogamy 373
Consensual Nonmonogamy 373
Nonconsensual Extramarital Relationships 376
Divorce 378
Explaining the High Divorce Rate 379
Adjusting to Divorce or Breakup of
Long-Term Relationships 380
Sexuality and Aging 380
The Double Standard and Aging 381
Sexual Activity in Later Years 382
Widowhood 384
Summary 385
Chapter 14
Sexual Challenges
and Solutions 386
Your Sexual Health Index of Sexual Satisfaction 389
Specific Sexual Challenges 389
Desire-Phase and Excitement-Phase Challenges 390
Orgasm-Phase Challenges 392
Dyspareunia 394
Sexual Addiction: Fact, Fiction, or Misnomer? 395
Origins of Sexual Challenges 396
Relationship Factors 397
Cultural Influences 397
Individual Factors 399
Good Health Habits = Good Sexual Functioning 402
Basics of Sexual Enhancement and
Sex Therapy 405
Self-Awareness 405
Communication 406
Sensate Focus 406
Sexuality & Diversity How Modern Sex Therapy
Can Clash with Cultural Values 407
Specific Suggestions for Women 408
Specific Suggestions for Men 410
Treating Female Sexual Interest/Arousal
Disorder and Male Hypoactive Sexual
Desire Disorder 414
Seeking Professional Assistance 416
Summary 417
Chapter 15
Sexually Transmitted
Infections 419
Let’s Talk About It Telling a Partner 423
Bacterial Infections 423
Chlamydia Infection 423
Gonorrhea 425
Nongonococcal Urethritis 427
Syphilis 427
Viral Infections 430
Herpes 430
Human Papilloma Virus 433
Viral Hepatitis 436
Common Vaginal Infections 437
Bacterial Vaginosis 438
Candidiasis 439
Trichomoniasis 440
Ectoparasitic Infections 440
Pubic Lice 441
Scabies 441
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 442
Incidence 443
Sexuality & Diversity AIDS in Africa: Death and
Hope on a Ravaged Continent 445
HIV Transmission 446
Spotlight on Research Circumcision as a Strategy
for Preventing HIV Infection 447
HIV Symptoms and Complications 447
HIV Antibody Tests 448
Development of AIDS 448
Treatment of HIV/AIDS 449
Prevention of HIV/AIDS 451
Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections 453
Your Sexual Health The Only Way to Determine
the STI Status of Yourself or Your Partner Is to
Get Tested 454
Summary 456
Chapter 16
Atypical Sexual Behavior 459
What Constitutes Atypical Sexual Behavior? 460
What Characterizes the Eight Most Common
Paraphilic Disorders? 462
Fetishism 462
Transvestic Disorder 463
Sexual Sadism and Sexual Masochism 465
Exhibitionism 467
Voyeurism 468
Frotteurism 469
Pedophilia 470
What Factors Contribute to the Development
of Paraphilias? 471
Summary 472
Chapter 17
Sexual Violence 473
Sexual Assault and Rape 474
What Is Sexual Consent? 475
The #MeToo Movement 475
Prevalence of Sexual Assault and Rape 476
False Beliefs About Rape 478
Factors Associated With Rape 479
Your Sexual Health Preventing and Coping
With Sexual Assault 484
Wartime Sexual Violence 486
The Aftermath of Sexual Assault 486
Sexuality & Diversity Punishing Women Who
Have Been Raped 487
Let’s Talk About It Helping a Partner or Friend
Recover From Sexual Assault 488
Sexual Assault of Men 489
Sexual Harassment 490
Varieties and Incidence of Sexual Harassment
on the Job 492
Cyberstalking 495
Sexual Harassment in Academic Settings 495
Sexual Abuse of Children 497
Characteristics of People Who Sexually
Abuse Children 498
Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse 498
Recovered Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse 500
Pedophiles Online 501
Effects of Child Sexual Abuse 502
Preventing Child Sexual Abuse 503
When the Child Tells 505
Summary 506
Chapter 18
Sex for Sale 508
Pornography 509
To Each Their Own 509
Erotica 511
Child Pornography 511
Variations in Straight, Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender
Pornography 512
Access and Prevalence of Pornography Use 513
History of Pornography Access 514
Freedom of Speech Versus Censorship 515
Sex and Politics Pornography as Social Criticism 517
Online Sexually Explicit Materials and Censorship 519
The “Pornification” of U.S. Culture 520
Is Pornography Helpful? 520
Is Pornography Harmful? 521
Sex Work 522
History of Sex Work 523
The Legal Status of Sex Work 523
Sex and Politics FOSTA-SESTA: The Politics
of Sex Work 525
Adult Sex Workers 526
The Internet and Sex Work 528
Adolescents in Sex Work 529
The Personal Costs of Sex Work 529
Customers of Sex Workers 530
Glorification of Pimps in the United States 531
Worldwide Sex Trafficking 531
Summary 533
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Subject Index S-1
Name Index N-1