Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources PDF by Robert W. Strayer

By

Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources

Robert W. Strayer

Ways of the World A Brief Global History with Sources

Contents

Preface v

Maps xxxix

Special Features xliii

Working with Primary Sources xlv

Prologue: From Cosmic History to

Human History li

The History of the Universe • The History of a

Planet • The History of the Human Species in

a Single Paragraph: A Preview • Why World

History? • Comparison, Connection, and Change:

The Three Cs of World History

Snapshot: A History of the Universe as a Cosmic

Calendar lii

PART ONE

First Things First: Beginnings

in History, to 500 B.C.E. 2

Turning Points in Early

World History 3

The Emergence of Humankind • The

Globalization of Humankind • The Revolution

of Farming and Herding • The Turning Point of

Civilization • A Note on Dates

Landmarks of Early World History,

to 500 B.C.E. 8

First Peoples: Populating the

Planet, to 10,000 B.C.E. 11

Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First

Migrations 12

Into Eurasia • Into Australia • Into the Americas

Into the Pacific

The Ways We Were 20

The First Human Societies • Economy and the

Environment • The Realm of the Spirit • Settling

Down:The Great Transition

Comparing Paleolithic Societies 24

The San of Southern Africa • The Chumash of

Southern California

Reflections: The Uses of the Paleolithic 31

Second Thoughts 32

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: The Long Road to the Global Presence

of Humankind 13

Snapshot: The Paleolithic Era in Perspective 23

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Glimpses of Paleolithic Life 34

1.1—A Paleolithic Woman in the Twentieth

Century: Nisa,The Life and Words of an !Kung

Woman, 1969–1976 • 1.2—Australian Aboriginal

Mythology: Stories from the Dreamtime, twentieth century

Using the Evidence 41

Visual Sources The Aboriginal Rock Painting of

Australia 42

Namondjok, Namarrgon (Lightning Man), and

Barrginj • Nabulwinjbulwinj • A Hunting Scene

Using the Evidence 47

First Farmers:The Revolutions

of Agriculture, 10,000 B.C.E.–

3000 B.C.E. 49

The Agricultural Revolution in World History 50

Comparing Agricultural Beginnings 51

Common Patterns • Variations

The Globalization of Agriculture 56

Triumph and Resistance • The Culture of

Agriculture

Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture 62

Pastoral Societies • Agricultural Village Societies

Chiefdoms

Reflections: The Legacies of Agriculture 66

Second Thoughts 67

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Agricultural Breakthroughs 52

Snapshot: The History of Maize/Corn 57

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Agricultural Village Societies 68

2.1—Germanic Peoples of Central Europe:Tacitus,

Germania, first century C.E. • 2.2—Social

Organization among the Gikuyu: Jomo Kenyatta,

Facing Mount Kenya, 1938 • 2.3—Religion in a

Caribbean Chiefdom: Bartolomé de Las Casas,

Apologetic History of the Indies, 1566

Using the Evidence 75

Visual Sources Art and Life in the Early

Agrarian Era 76

Çatalhüyük:An Early Map and Landscape Painting

Women, Men, and Religion in Çatalhüyük • An

African Pastoral Community • The Mystery of

Stonehenge • A Sculpture from the Nok Culture

Using the Evidence 83

First Civilizations: Cities,

States, and Unequal Societies,

3500 B.C.E.–500 B.C.E. 85

Something New:The Emergence of

Civilizations 86

Introducing the First Civilizations • The Question

of Origins • An Urban Revolution

The Erosion of Equality 94

Hierarchies of Class • Hierarchies of Gender •

Patriarchy in Practice

The Rise of the State 99

Coercion and Consent • Writing and Accounting

The Grandeur of Kings

Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt 103

Environment and Culture • Cities and States

Interaction and Exchange

Reflections:“Civilization”:What’s in a Word? 112

Second Thoughts 113

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Writing in Ancient Civilizations 101

Snapshot: Key Moments in Mesopotamian

History 104

Snapshot: Key Moments in Nile Valley

Civilizations 107

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Life and Afterlife in Mesopotamia

and Egypt 115

3.1—In Search of Eternal Life:The Epic of

Gilgamesh, ca. 2700 B.C.E.–2500 B.C.E. • 3.2—Law

and Justice in Ancient Mesopotamia:The Law Code

of Hammurabi, ca. 1800 B.C.E. • 3.3—The Afterlife

of a Pharaoh:A Pyramid Text, 2333 B.C.E. •

3.4—A New Basis for Egyptian Immortality:

Book of the Dead, ca. 1550–1064 B.C.E. •

3.5—The Occupations of Old Egypt: Be a Scribe,

2066–1650 B.C.E.

Using the Evidence 125

Visual Sources Indus Valley Civilization 126

Ancient Harappa • A Seal from the Indus Valley

Man from Mohenjo Daro • Dancing Girl

Using the Evidence 131

PART TWO

The Classical Era in

World History,

500 B.C.E.–500 C.E. 132

THE BIG PICTURE After the First Civilizations:

What Changed and What Didn’t 133

Continuities in Civilization • Changes in

Civilization • Classical Civilizations

Landmarks of the Classical Era, 500 B.C.E. to

500 C.E. 140

Snapshot: World Population during the Age of

Agricultural Civilization 135

Eurasian Empires, 500 B.C.E.–

500 C.E. 143

Empires and Civilizations in Collision:The Persians

and the Greeks 145

The Persian Empire • The Greeks • Collision:The

Greco-Persian Wars • Collision: Alexander and the

Hellenistic Era

Comparing Empires: Roman and Chinese 154

Rome: From City-State to Empire • China: From

Warring States to Empire • Consolidating the Roman

and Chinese Empires • The Collapse of Empires

Intermittent Empire:The Case of India 165

Reflections: Classical Empires and the Twentieth

Century 167

Second Thoughts 168

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Key Moments in Classical Greek

History 150

Snapshot: Key Moments in the History of the

Roman Empire 157

Snapshot: Key Moments in Classical Chinese

History 162

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Political Authority in Classical

Civilizations 170

4.1—In Praise of Athenian Democracy: Pericles,

Funeral Oration, 431–430 B.C.E. • 4.2—In Praise

of the Roman Empire: Aelius Aristides,The Roman

Oration, 155 C.E. • 4.3—Governing a Chinese

Empire:The Writings of Master Han Fei, third

century B.C.E. • 4.4—Governing an Indian Empire:

Ashoka,The Rock Edicts, ca. 268–232 B.C.E.

Using the Evidence 178

Visual Sources Qin Shihuangdi and China’s

Eternal Empire 180

An Eighteenth-Century Representation of Qin

Shihuangdi • The Terra-Cotta Army of Shihuangdi •

Terra-Cotta Infantry • Terra-Cotta Archer • A Bronze

Horse-Drawn Chariot

Using the Evidence 187

Eurasian Cultural Traditions,

500 B.C.E.–500 C.E. 189

China and the Search for Order 192

The Legalist Answer • The Confucian Answer

The Daoist Answer

Cultural Traditions of Classical India 197

South Asian Religion: From Ritual Sacrifice to

Philosophical Speculation • The Buddhist Challenge

Hinduism as a Religion of Duty and Devotion

Moving toward Monotheism:The Search for God

in the Middle East 202

Zoroastrianism • Judaism

The Cultural Tradition of Classical Greece:The

Search for a Rational Order 205

The Greek Way of Knowing • The Greek Legacy

Comparing Jesus and the Buddha 209

The Lives of the Founders • Establishing New

Religions • Creating Institutions

Reflections: Religion and Historians 214

Second Thoughts 215

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Thinkers and Philosophies of the

Classical Era 191

Snapshot: Reflections on Human Love from

Mediterranean Civilization 209

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents The Good Life in Classical Eurasia 217

5.1—Reflections from Confucius: Confucius,The

Analects, ca. 479–221 B.C.E. • 5.2—Reflections

from the Hindu Scriptures: Bhagavad Gita, ca. fifth

to second century B.C.E. • 5.3—Reflections

from Socrates: Plato, Apology, ca. 399 B.C.E. •

5.4—Reflections from Jesus:The Gospel of Matthew,

70–100 C.E.

Using the Evidence 226

Visual Sources Representations of the

Buddha 227

Footprints of the Buddha • A Classic Indian Buddha

A Bodhisattva of Compassion: Kannon of 1,000

Arms • The Chinese Maitreya Buddha • The

Amitabha Buddha

Using the Evidence 235

Eurasian Social Hierarchies,

500 B.C.E.–500 C.E. 237

Society and the State in Classical China 238

An Elite of Officials • The Landlord Class

Peasants • Merchants

Class and Caste in India 242

Caste as Varna • Caste as Jati • The Functions of Caste

Slavery in the Classical Era:The Case of the

Roman Empire 247

Slavery and Civilization • The Making of a Slave

Society:The Case of Rome • Resistance and Rebellion

Comparing Patriarchies of the Classical Era 252

A Changing Patriarchy:The Case of China •

Contrasting Patriarchies in Athens and Sparta

Reflections: Arguing with Solomon and the

Buddha 259

Second Thoughts 260

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Social Life and Duty in Classical

India 244

Snapshot: Comparing Greco-Roman and American

Slavery 248

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Patriarchy and Women’s Voices in the

Classical Era 262

6.1—A Male View of Chinese Women’s Lives:

Fu Xuan, How Sad It Is to Be a Woman, third

century C.E. • 6.2—A Chinese Woman’s

Instructions to Her Daughters: Ban Zhao, Lessons

for Women, late first century C.E. • 6.3—An

Alternative to Patriarchy in India: Psalms of the

Sisters, first century B.C.E. • 6.4—Roman Women

in Protest: Livy, History of Rome, late first century

B.C.E. to early first century C.E.

Using the Evidence 271

Visual Sources Pompeii as a Window on the

Roman World 272

Terentius Neo and His Wife • A Pompeii Banquet

Scenes in a Pompeii Tavern • A Domestic Shrine •

Mystery Religions:The Cult of Dionysus

Using the Evidence 279

Classical Era Variations: Africa

and the Americas, 500 B.C.E.–

1200 C.E. 281

The African Northeast 283

Meroë: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization

Axum:The Making of a Christian Kingdom

Along the Niger River: Cities without States 288

South of the Equator:The World of Bantu

Africa 290

Cultural Encounters • Society and Religion

Civilizations of Mesoamerica 292

The Maya:Writing and Warfare • Teotihuacán:The

Americas’ Greatest City

Civilizations of the Andes 297

Chavín:A Pan-Andean Religious Movement

Moche:A Regional Andean Civilization

North America in the Classical Era: From Chaco

to Cahokia 301

Pit Houses and Great Houses:The Ancestral Pueblo

The Mound Builders of the Eastern Woodlands

Reflections: Deciding What’s Important: Balance

in World History 305

Second Thoughts 306

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Continental Population in the

Classical Era 283

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Axum and the World 307

7.1—A Guidebook to the World of Indian Ocean

Commerce:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea,

first century C.E. • 7.2—The Making of an

Axumite Empire: Inscription on a Stone Throne,

second or third century C.E. • 7.3—The Coming of

Christianity to Axum: Rufinus, On the

Evangelization of Abyssinia, late fourth century C.E. •

7.4—A Byzantine View of an Axumite Monarch:

Julian, Report to the Byzantine Emperor on Axum,

530–531 • 7.5—Axum and the Gold Trade: Cosmas,

The Christian Topography, sixth century C.E.

Using the Evidence 315

Visual Sources Art and the Maya Elite 316

Shield Jaguar and Lady Xok:A Royal Couple of

Yaxchilan • The Presentation of Captives •

A Bloodletting Ritual • The Ball Game • An

Embracing Couple

Using the Evidence 323

PART THREE

An Age of Accelerating

Connections, 500–1500 324

THE BIG PICTURE Defining a Millennium 325

Third-Wave Civilizations: Something New,

Something Old, Something Blended • The Ties

That Bind:Transregional Interaction in the

Postclassical Era

Landmarks in the Era of Accelerating

Connections, 500 to 1500 330

Commerce and Culture,

500–1500 333

Silk Roads: Exchange across Eurasia 335

The Growth of the Silk Roads • Goods in Transit

Cultures in Transit • Disease in Transit

Sea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean 341

Weaving the Web of an Indian Ocean World • Sea

Roads as a Catalyst for Change: Southeast Asia and

Srivijaya • Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change:

East Africa and Swahili Civilization

Sand Roads: Exchange across the Sahara 348

Commercial Beginnings in West Africa • Gold, Salt,

and Slaves:Trade and Empire in West Africa

An American Network: Commerce and

Connection in the Western Hemisphere 351

Reflections: Economic Globalization—Ancient

and Modern 354

Second Thoughts 355

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Economic Exchange along the Silk

Roads 337

Snapshot: Economic Exchange in the Indian

Ocean Basin 343

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Travelers’ Tales and Observations 356

8.1—A Chinese Buddhist in India: Huili,

A Biography of the Tripitaka Master and Xuanzang,

Record of the Western Region, Seventh Century C.E.

8.2—A European Christian in China: Marco Polo,

The Travels of Marco Polo, 1299 • 8.3—An Arab

Muslim in West Africa: Ibn Battuta,Travels in Asia

and Africa, 1354

Using the Evidence 366

Visual Sources Art, Religion, and Cultural

Exchange in Central Asia 367

Greek Culture, Buddhism, and the Kushans •

Buddhist Monks on the Silk Road • Manichaean

Scribes • The Mongols in China • Islam, Shamanism,

and the Turks

Using the Evidence 377

China and the World: East Asian

Connections, 500–1300 379

The Reemergence of a Unified China 380

A “Golden Age” of Chinese Achievement • Women

in the Song Dynasty

China and the Northern Nomads:A Chinese World

Order in the Making 385

The Tribute System in Theory • The Tribute System

in Practice • Cultural Influence across an Ecological

Frontier

Coping with China: Comparing Korea,Vietnam,

and Japan 390

Korea and China • Vietnam and China • Japan

and China

China and the Eurasian World Economy 397

Spillovers: China’s Impact on Eurasia • On the

Receiving End: China as Economic Beneficiary

China and Buddhism 399

Making Buddhism Chinese • Losing State Support:

The Crisis of Chinese Buddhism

Reflections:Why Do Things Change? 403

Second Thoughts 405

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Key Moments in the History of

Postclassical China 386

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents The Making of Japanese

Civilization 406

9.1—Japanese Political Ideals: Shotoku,The Seventeen

Article Constitution, 604 • 9.2—Buddhism in

Japan:The Zen Tradition: Dogen,Writings on Zen

Buddhism, thirteenth century • 9.3—The

Uniqueness of Japan: Kitabatake Chikafusa,The

Chronicle of the Direct Descent of Gods and

Sovereigns, 1339 • 9.4—Social Life at Court: Sei

Shonagon, Pillow Book, ca. 1000 • 9.5—The Way

of the Warrior: Shiba Yosimasa,Advice to Young

Samurai, ca. 1400, and Imagawa Ryoshun,The

Imagawa Letter, 1412

Using the Evidence 416

Visual Sources The Leisure Life of China’s

Elites 417

A Banquet with the Emperor • At Table with the

Empress • A Literary Gathering • Solitary Reflection

An Elite Night Party

Using the Evidence 422

The Worlds of European

Christendom: Connected and

Divided, 500–1300 425

Eastern Christendom: Building on the

Roman Past 427

The Byzantine State • The Byzantine Church and

Christian Divergence • Byzantium and the World •

The Conversion of Russia

Western Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake of

Roman Collapse 434

Political Life in Western Europe, 500–1000 • Society

and the Church, 500–1000 • Accelerating Change in

the West, 1000–1300 • Europe Outward Bound:

The Crusading Tradition

The West in Comparative Perspective 445

Catching Up • Pluralism in Politics • Reason

and Faith

Reflections: Remembering and Forgetting:

Continuity and Surprise in the Worlds of

Christendom 452

Second Thoughts 453

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Key Moments in Byzantine History 427

Snapshot: Key Moments in the Evolution of

Western Civilization 434

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents The Making of Christian Europe. . .

and a Chinese Counterpoint 455

10.1—The Conversion of Clovis: Gregory of

Tours, History of the Franks, late sixth century •

10.2—Advice on Dealing with “Pagans”: Pope

Gregory,Advice to the English Church, 601 •

10.3—Charlemagne and the Saxons: Charlemagne,

Capitulary on Saxony, 785 • 10.4 and 10.5—The

Persistence of Tradition:Willibald, Life of Boniface,

ca 760 C.E., and The Leechbook, tenth century •

10.6 —The Jesus Sutras in China:The Jesus Sutras,

635–1005

Using the Evidence 464

Visual Sources Reading Byzantine Icons 466

Christ Pantokrator • The Nativity • Ladder of

Divine Ascent

Using the Evidence 471

The Worlds of Islam:

Afro-Eurasian Connections,

600–1500 473

The Birth of a New Religion 474

The Homeland of Islam • The Messenger and the

Message • The Transformation of Arabia

The Making of an Arab Empire 480

War and Conquest • Conversion to Islam • Divisions

and Controversies • Women and Men in Early Islam

Islam and Cultural Encounter:A Four-Way

Comparison 488

The Case of India • The Case of Anatolia • The

Case of West Africa • The Case of Spain

The World of Islam as a New Civilization 495

Networks of Faith • Networks of Exchange

Reflections: Past and Present: Choosing Our

History 500

Second Thoughts 501

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Key Moments in the Early History of

Islam 476

Snapshot: Key Achievements in Islamic Science

and Scholarship 499

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Voices of Islam 502

11.1—The Voice of Allah:The Quran, seventh

century • 11.2—The Voice of the Prophet

Muhammad:The Hadith, eighth and ninth centuries

11.3—The Voice of the Law:The Sharia, ninth

century • 11.4—The Voice of the Sufis: Inscription

in Rumi’s Tomb, thirteenth century; Rumi, Poem,

thirteenth century; and Rumi,“Drowned in God,”

Mathnawi, thirteenth century

Using the Evidence 511

Visual Sources Islamic Civilization in Persian

Miniature Paintings 512

An Arab Camp Scene • City Life in Islamic Persia

The Night Journey of Muhammad

Using the Evidence 519

Pastoral Peoples on the Global

Stage:The Mongol Moment,

1200–1500 521

Looking Back and Looking Around:The Long

History of Pastoral Nomads 522

The World of Pastoral Societies • The Xiongnu:An

Early Nomadic Empire • The Arabs and the Turks

The Masai of East Africa

Breakout:The Mongol Empire 529

From Temujin to Chinggis Khan:The Rise of the

Mongol Empire • Explaining the Mongol Moment

Encountering the Mongols: Comparing Three

Cases 536

China and the Mongols • Persia and the Mongols

Russia and the Mongols

The Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Network 541

Toward a World Economy • Diplomacy on a

Eurasian Scale • Cultural Exchange in the Mongol

Realm • The Plague:A Eurasian Pandemic

Reflections: Changing Images of Nomadic

Peoples 547

Second Thoughts 548

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Varieties of Pastoral Societies 523

Snapshot: Key Moments in Mongol History 531

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Perspectives on the Mongols 550

12.1—Mongol History from a Mongol Source:

The Secret History of the Mongols, ca. 1240 •

12.2—A Letter from Chinggis Khan: Chinggis

Khan, Letter to Changchun, 1219 • 12.3—A Russian

View of the Mongols:The Chronicle of Novgorod,

1238 • 12.4—Chinese Perceptions of the Mongols:

Epitaph for the Honorable Menggu, 1274

12.5—Mongol Women through European Eyes:

William of Rubruck, Journey to the Land of the

Mongols, ca. 1255

Using the Evidence 559

Visual Sources The Black Death and Religion in

Western Europe 560

The Flagellants • Burying the Dead • A Culture of

Death • In the Face of Catastrophe—Questioning

or Affirming the Faith

Using the Evidence 567

The Worlds of the Fifteenth

Century 569

The Shapes of Human Communities 571

Paleolithic Persistence • Agricultural Village Societies

Herding Peoples

Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: Comparing

China and Europe 575

Ming Dynasty China • European Comparisons:

State Building and Cultural Renewal • European

Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging

Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century:The Islamic

World 584

In the Islamic Heartland:The Ottoman and Safavid

Empires • On the Frontiers of Islam:The Songhay

and Mughal Empires

Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century:The

Americas 588

The Aztec Empire • The Inca Empire

Webs of Connection 594

A Preview of Coming Attractions: Looking Ahead

to the Modern Era, 1500–2010 596

Reflections: What If? Chance and Contingency

in World History 599

Second Thoughts 599

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions •

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Major Developments around the World

in the Fifteenth Century 570

Snapshot: Key Moments in European Maritime

Voyaging 581

Snapshot: World Population Growth, 1000–2000 597

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents The Aztecs and the Incas through

Spanish Eyes 601

13.1—Diego Duran on the Aztecs: King

Moctezuma I, Laws, Ordinances and Regulations,

1450, and Diego Duran, Book of the Gods and

Rites, 1574–76 • 13.2—Pedro de Cieza de Léon

on the Incas: Pedro de Cieza de Léon, Chronicles of

the Incas, ca. 1550

Using the Evidence 607

Visual Sources Sacred Places in the World of the

Fifteenth Century 608

The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest at the Temple

of Heaven, Beijing, China • Kinkakuji:A Buddhist

Temple in Japan • The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

The Church of St. George, Lalibela, Ethiopia

Using the Evidence 616

PART FOUR

The Early Modern World,

1450–1750 618

THE BIG PICTURE Debating the Character of

an Era 619

An Early Modern Era? • A Late Agrarian Era?

Landmarks in the Early Modern Era,

1450–1750 622

Empires and Encounters,

1450–1750 625

European Empires in the Americas 626

The European Advantage • The Great Dying • The

Columbian Exchange

Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas 631

In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas • Colonies

of Sugar • Settler Colonies in North America

The Steppes and Siberia:The Making of a Russian

Empire 639

Experiencing the Russian Empire • Russians and

Empire

Asian Empires 643

Making China an Empire • Muslims and Hindus

in the Mughal Empire • Muslims, Christians, and

the Ottoman Empire

Reflections: Countering Eurocentrism…or

Reflecting It? 650

Second Thoughts 651

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Ethnic Composition of Colonial

Societies in Latin America (1825) 636

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents State Building in the Early

Modern Era 652

14.1—The “Self-Portrait” of a Chinese Emperor:

The Emperor Kangxi, Reflections, 1671–1722 •

14.2—The Memoirs of Emperor Jahangir: Jahangir,

Memoirs, 1605–1627 • 14.3—An Outsider’s View of

Suleiman I: Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq,The Turkish

Letters, 1555–1562 • 14.4 and 14.5—French State-

Building and Louis XIV: Louis XIV, Memoirs, 1670,

and Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Instructions for

Intendants, 1680

Using the Evidence 663

Visual Sources The Conquest of Mexico Through

Aztec Eyes 664

Disaster Foretold • Moctezuma and Cortés • The

Massacre of the Nobles • The Spanish Retreat from

Tenochtitlán • Smallpox: Disease and Defeat

Using the Evidence 671

Global Commerce,

1450–1750 673

Europeans and Asian Commerce 674

A Portuguese Empire of Commerce • Spain and the

Philippines • The East India Companies • Asian

Commerce

Silver and Global Commerce 682

The “World Hunt”: Fur in Global Commerce 685

Commerce in People:The Atlantic Slave Trade 689

The Slave Trade in Context • The Slave Trade in

Practice • Comparing Consequences:The Impact of

the Slave Trade in Africa

Reflections: Economic Globalization—Then and

Now 697

Second Thoughts 698

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions •

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Key Moments in the European

Encounter with Asia 678

Snapshot: The Slave Trade in Numbers

(1501–1866) 694

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Voices from the Slave Trade 700

15.1—The Journey to Slavery: Olaudah Equiano,

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah

Equiano, 1789 • 15.2—The Business of the Slave

Trade:Thomas Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage Made

in the Hannibal of London, 1694 • 15.3—The Slave

Trade and the Kingdom of Kongo: King Affonso I,

Letters to King Jao of Portugal, 1526 • 15.4—The

Slave Trade and the Kingdom of Asante: Osei

Bonsu, Conversation with Joseph Dupuis, 1820

Using the Evidence 710

Visual Sources Exchange and Status in the Early

Modern World 711

Tea and Porcelain in Europe • A Chocolate Party in

Spain • An Ottoman Coffeehouse • Clothing and

Status in Colonial Mexico • Procession and Display

in the Kingdom of Dahomey

Using the Evidence 719

Religion and Science,

1450–1750 721

The Globalization of Christianity 722

Western Christendom Fragmented:The Protestant

Reformation • Christianity Outward Bound •

Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America

An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits

Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural

Traditions 732

Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World •

China: New Directions in an Old Tradition • India:

Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide

A New Way of Thinking:The Birth of Modern

Science 737

The Question of Origins:Why Europe? • Science as

Cultural Revolution • Science and Enlightenment •

Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century

European Science beyond the West

Reflections: Cultural Borrowing and Its

Hazards 746

Second Thoughts 747

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions •

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Catholic/Protestant Differences in the

Sixteenth Century 724

Snapshot: Major Thinkers and Achievements of

the Scientific Revolution 740

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Cultural Change in the Early Modern

World 749

16.1—Luther’s Protest: Martin Luther,Table Talk,

early sixteenth century • 16.2—Progress and

Enlightenment: Marquis de Condorcet, Sketch of

the Progress of the Human Mind, 1793–1794 •

16.3—Debating Confucianism:Wang Yangming,

Conversations, early sixteenth century • 16.4—The

Wahhabi Perspective on Islam: Abdullah Wahhab,

History and Doctrines of the Wahhabis, 1803 •

16.5—The Poetry of Kabîr: Kabîr, Poetry, ca. late

fifteenth century

Using the Evidence 759

Visual Sources Global Christianity in the Early

Modern Era 761

Pieter Seanredam, Interior of a Dutch Reformed

Church • Catholic Baroque: Interior of Pilgrimage

Church, Mariazell,Austria • Cultural Blending in

Andean Christianity • Making Christianity

Chinese • Christian Art at the Mughal Court

Using the Evidence 769

PART FIVE

The European Moment In

World History, 1750–1914 770

THE BIG PICTURE European Centrality and the

Problem of Eurocentrism 771

Eurocentric Geography and History •

Countering Eurocentrism

Landmarks of the European Moment in World

History, 1750–1914 776

Atlantic Revolutions and Their

Echoes, 1750–1914 779

Comparing Atlantic Revolutions 780

The North American Revolution, 1775–1787 •

The French Revolution, 1789–1815 • The Haitian

Revolution, 1791–1804 • Spanish American

Revolutions, 1810–1825

Echoes of Revolution 793

The Abolition of Slavery • Nations and Nationalism

Feminist Beginnings

Reflections: Revolutions Pro and Con 803

Second Thoughts 804

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Key Moments in the History of Atlantic

Revolutions 781

Snapshot: Key Moments in the Growth of

Nationalism 797

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Claiming Rights 806

17.1—The French Revolution and the “Rights of

Man”:The Declaration of the Rights of Man and

Citizen, 1789 • 17.2—The Rights of Women:

Mary Wollstonecraft,A Vindication of the Rights of

Woman, 1792 • 17.3—Rights and National

Independence: Simón Bolívar,The Jamaica Letter,

1815 • 17.4—Rights and Slavery: Frederick

Douglass,What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?,

1852 • 17.5—Rights in the Colonial World: Raden

Adjeng Kartini, Letter to a Friend, 1899

Using the Evidence 816

Visual Sources Representing the French

Revolution 817

The Early Years of the French Revolution:“The

Joyous Accord” • A Reversal of Roles:The Three

Estates of the Old Regime • Revolution and

Religion:“Patience, Monsignor, your turn will come.”

An English Response to Revolution: “Hell Broke

Loose or, the Murder of Louis” • Revolution,War,

and Resistance:A German View of Napoleon

Using the Evidence 823

Revolutions of Industrialization,

1750–1914 825

Explaining the Industrial Revolution 826

Why Europe? • Why Britain?

The First Industrial Society 832

The British Aristocracy • The Middle Classes •

The Laboring Classes • Social Protest

Variations on a Theme:Comparing Industrialization

in the United States and Russia 840

The United States: Industrialization without

Socialism • Russia: Industrialization and Revolution

The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in

the Nineteenth Century 846

After Independence in Latin America • Facing the

World Economy • Becoming like Europe?

Reflections: History and Horse Races 853

Second Thoughts 854

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Measuring the Industrial

Revolution 833

Snapshot: The Industrial Revolution and the

Global Divide 847

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Varieties of European Marxism 855

18.1—Socialism According to Marx: Karl Marx

and Friedrich Engels,The Communist Manifesto,

1848 • 18.2—Socialism without Revolution:

Eduard Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, 1899

18.3—Socialism and Women: Clara Zetkin,

The German Socialist Women’s Movement, 1909 •

18.4—Socialism in Song: Eugene Pottier,The

Internationale, 1871 • 18.5—Lenin and Russian

Socialism:V. I. Lenin,What Is To Be Done?, 1902

Using the Evidence 866

Visual Sources Art and the Industrial

Revolution 867

The Machinery Department of the Crystal Palace

The Railroad as a Symbol of the Industrial Era •

Outside the Factory: Eyre Crowe,The Dinner

Hour, Wigan • Inside the Factory: Lewis Hine,

Child Labor, 1912 • Philip James de Loutherbourg,

Coalbrookdale by Night • John Leech, Capital and

Labour

Using the Evidence 875

Internal Troubles, External

Threats: China, the Ottoman

Empire, and Japan, 1800–1914 877

The External Challenge: European Industry and

Empire 879

New Motives, New Means • New Perceptions of the

“Other”

Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis 882

The Crisis Within • Western Pressures • The Failure

of Conservative Modernization

The Ottoman Empire and the West in the

Nineteenth Century 889

“The Sick Man of Europe” • Reform and Its

Opponents • Outcomes: Comparing China and the

Ottoman Empire

The Japanese Difference:The Rise of a New East

Asian Power 894

The Tokugawa Background • American Intrusion

and the Meiji Restoration • Modernization Japanese

Style • Japan and the World

Reflections: Success and Failure in History 903

Second Thoughts 903

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Chinese/British Trade at Canton,

1835–1836 885

Snapshot: Key Moments in the Rise of Japan in

the Nineteenth Century and Beyond 899

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Voices from the Opium War 905

19.1—A Chinese Response to Lord Macartney:

Emperor Qianlong, Message to King George III, 1793

19.2 and 19.3—Debating the Opium Problem:

Xu Naiji,An Argument for Legalization, 1836, and

Yuan Yulin,An Argument for Suppression, 1836 •

19.4—A Moral Appeal to Queen Victoria:

Commissioner Lin Zexu, Letter to Queen Victoria,

1839 • 19.5—War and Defeat:The Treaty of

Nanjing, 1842

Using the Evidence 913

Visual Sources Japanese Perceptions of

the West 915

The Black Ships • Depicting the Americans •

Women and Westernization • Kobayashi Kiyochika’s

Critique of Wholesale Westernization • Japan, China,

and Europe:A Reversal of Roles

Using the Evidence 921

Colonial Encounters,

1750–1914 923

A Second Wave of European Conquests 924

Under European Rule 928

Cooperation and Rebellion • Colonial Empires with

a Difference

Ways of Working: Comparing Colonial

Economies 932

Economies of Coercion: Forced Labor and the Power

of the State • Economies of Cash-Crop Agriculture:

The Pull of the Market • Economies of Wage Labor:

Working for Europeans • Women and the Colonial

Economy: An African Case Study • Assessing

Colonial Development

Believing and Belonging: Identity and Cultural

Change in the Colonial Era 941

Education • Religion • “Race” and “Tribe”

Reflections: Who Makes History? 947

Second Thoughts 948

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Long-Distance Migration in an Age of

Empire, 1846–1940 940

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Indian Responses to Empire 950

20.1—The Wonders of British Calcutta: Nawab

Muhabbat Khan, On Calcutta, late eighteenth century

20.2—Seeking Western Education: Ram Mohan

Roy, Letter to Lord Amherst, 1823 • 20.3—The

Indian Rebellion: Bahadur Shah,The Azamgarh

Proclamation, 1857 • 20.4—The Credits and Debits

of British Rule in India: Dadabhai Naoroji, Speech

to a London Audience, 1871 • 20.5—Gandhi on

Modern Civilization: Mahatma Gandhi, Indian

Home Rule, 1908

Using the Evidence 959

Visual Sources The Scramble for Africa 960

Prelude to the Scramble • Conquest and Competition

From the Cape to Cairo • A French Critique of

the Boer War • The Ethiopian Exception

Using the Evidence 967

PART SIX

The Most Recent Century,

1914–2010 968

THE BIG PICTURE The Twentieth Century:

A New Period in World History? 969

Old and New in the Twentieth Century • Three

Regions—One World

Landmarks of the Most Recent Century,

1914–2010 974

The Collapse and Recovery of

Europe, 1914–1970s 977

The First World War: European Civilization in

Crisis, 1914–1918 978

An Accident Waiting to Happen • Legacies of the

Great War

Capitalism Unraveling:The Great Depression 985

Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany,

and Japan 988

The Fascist Alternative in Europe • Hitler and the

Nazis • Japanese Authoritarianism

A Second World War 996

The Road to War in Asia • The Road to War in

Europe • The Outcomes of Global Conflict

The Recovery of Europe 1005

Reflections:War and Remembrance: Learning

from History 1008

Second Thoughts 1009

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Comparing the Impact of the

Depression 987

Snapshot: Key Moments in the History of World

War II 1001

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Ideologies of the Axis Powers 1010

21.1—Mussolini on Fascism: Benito Mussolini,

The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism, 1933

21.2—Hitler on Nazism:Adolph Hitler, Mein

Kampf (My Struggle), 1925–1926 • Document

21.3—The Japanese Way: Cardinal Principles of the

National Entity of Japan, 1937

Using the Evidence 1017

Visual Sources Propaganda and Critique in World

War I 1019

Women and the War • Defining the Enemy • War and

the Colonies • The Battlefield • The Aftermath ofWar

Using the Evidence 1027

The Rise and Fall of World

Communism, 1917–Present 1029

Global Communism 1030

Comparing Revolutions as a Path to

Communism 1032

Russia: Revolution in a Single Year • China:A

Prolonged Revolutionary Struggle

Building Socialism in Two Countries 1038

Communist Feminism • Socialism in the

Countryside • Communism and Industrial

Development • The Search for Enemies

East versus West: A Global Divide and a

Cold War 1045

Military Conflict and the Cold War • Nuclear

Standoff and Third World Rivalry • The United

States: Superpower of the West, 1945–1975 • The

Communist World, 1950s–1970s

Comparing Paths to the End of Communism 1051

China:Abandoning Communism and Maintaining

the Party • The Soviet Union:The Collapse of

Communism and Country

Reflections: To Judge or Not to Judge 1057

Second Thoughts 1058

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: China under Mao, 1949–1976 1042

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Experiencing Stalinism 1060

22.1—Stalin on Stalinism: Joseph Stalin,The Results

of the First Five-Year Plan, 1933 • 22.2—Living

through Collectivization: Maurice Hindus, Red Bread,

1931 • 22.3—Living through Industrialization:

Personal Accounts of Soviet Industrialization, 1930s

22.4—Living through the Terror: Personal Accounts

of the Terror, 1930s

Using the Evidence 1070

Visual Sources Poster Art in Mao’s China 1071

Smashing the Old Society • Building the New

Society:The People’s Commune • Women, Nature,

and Industrialization • The Cult of Mao •

Propaganda Posters after Mao

Using the Evidence 1079

Independence and

Development in the Global South,

1914–Present 1081

Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence 1082

The End of Empire in World History • Explaining

African and Asian Independence

Comparing Freedom Struggles 1086

The Case of India: Ending British Rule • The Case

of South Africa: Ending Apartheid

Experiments with Freedom 1094

Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African

Nations and India • Experiments in Economic

Development: Changing Priorities,Varying Outcomes

Experiments with Culture:The Role of Islam in

Turkey and Iran

Reflections: History in the Middle of the

Stream 1108

Second Thoughts 1109

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Key Moments in South African

History 1090

Snapshot: Economic Development in the Global

South by the Early Twenty-first Century 1100

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Debating Development in Africa 1110

23.1—The Colonial Legacy for Modern

Development:A. Adu Boahen, African Perspectives

on Colonialism, 1987 • 23.2—Development and

African Unity: Kwame Nkrumah, Africa Must

Unite, 1963 • 23.3—Development, Socialism,

and Self-Reliance: Julius Nyerere,The Arusha

Declaration, 1967 • 23.4—Development and

Women:Mildred Malineo Tau,Women: Critical to

African Development, 1981 • 23.5—Development,

Elites, and the State: George B. N.Ayittey, Africa

Betrayed, 1992, and Africa in Chaos, 1998

Using the Evidence 1121

Visual Sources Representing Independence 1122

Non-Co-operation Tree and Mahatma Gandhi •

African National Congress • Vietnamese Independence

and Victory over the United States • Winning a

Jewish National State • A Palestinian Nation in

the Making

Using the Evidence 1131

Accelerating Global Interaction,

Since 1945 1133

The Transformation of the World Economy 1134

Reglobalization • Growth, Instability, and Inequality

Globalization and an American Empire

The Globalization of Liberation: Comparing

Feminist Movements 1145

Feminism in the West • Feminism in the Global

South • International Feminism

Religion and Global Modernity 1150

Fundamentalism on a Global Scale • Creating

Islamic Societies: Resistance and Renewal in the

World of Islam • Religious Alternatives to

Fundamentalism

The World’s Environment and the Globalization

of Environmentalism 1158

The Global Environment Transformed • Green and

Global

Final Reflections: Pondering the Uses of

History 1163

Second Thoughts 1166

What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions •

Next Steps: For Further Study

Snapshot: Indicators of Reglobalization 1138

Snapshot: World Population Growth,

1950–2005 1159

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Documents Contending for Islam 1167

24.1—A Secular State for an Islamic Society in

Turkey: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Speech to the

General Congress of the Republican Party, 1927 •

24.2—Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood: Hassan al-

Banna,Toward the Light, 1936 • 24.3—The Ideas

of the Ayatollah Khomeini:Ayatollah Khomeini,

Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini, 1980 •

24.4—A Liberal Viewpoint from an Islamic Woman:

Benazir Bhutto, Politics and the Muslim Woman,

1985 • 24.5—Islam and 9/11: Kabir Helminski:

“Islam and Human Values,” 2009

Using the Evidence 1178

Visual Sources Experiencing Globalization 1180

Globalization and Work • Globalization and

Consumerism • Globalization and Migration •

Globalization and Protest • Globalization: One

World or Many?

Using the Evidence 1187

Notes 1189

Acknowledgments 1207

Index 1209

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