Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources
Robert W. Strayer
Contents
Preface v
Maps xxxix
Special Features xliii
Working with Primary Sources xlv
Prologue: From Cosmic History to
Human History li
The History of the Universe • The History of a
Planet • The History of the Human Species in
a Single Paragraph: A Preview • Why World
History? • Comparison, Connection, and Change:
The Three Cs of World History
Snapshot: A History of the Universe as a Cosmic
Calendar lii
PART ONE
First Things First: Beginnings
in History, to 500 B.C.E. 2
Turning Points in Early
World History 3
The Emergence of Humankind • The
Globalization of Humankind • The Revolution
of Farming and Herding • The Turning Point of
Civilization • A Note on Dates
Landmarks of Early World History,
to 500 B.C.E. 8
First Peoples: Populating the
Planet, to 10,000 B.C.E. 11
Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First
Migrations 12
Into Eurasia • Into Australia • Into the Americas
Into the Pacific
The Ways We Were 20
The First Human Societies • Economy and the
Environment • The Realm of the Spirit • Settling
Down:The Great Transition
Comparing Paleolithic Societies 24
The San of Southern Africa • The Chumash of
Southern California
Reflections: The Uses of the Paleolithic 31
Second Thoughts 32
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: The Long Road to the Global Presence
of Humankind 13
Snapshot: The Paleolithic Era in Perspective 23
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Glimpses of Paleolithic Life 34
1.1—A Paleolithic Woman in the Twentieth
Century: Nisa,The Life and Words of an !Kung
Woman, 1969–1976 • 1.2—Australian Aboriginal
Mythology: Stories from the Dreamtime, twentieth century
Using the Evidence 41
Visual Sources The Aboriginal Rock Painting of
Australia 42
Namondjok, Namarrgon (Lightning Man), and
Barrginj • Nabulwinjbulwinj • A Hunting Scene
Using the Evidence 47
First Farmers:The Revolutions
of Agriculture, 10,000 B.C.E.–
3000 B.C.E. 49
The Agricultural Revolution in World History 50
Comparing Agricultural Beginnings 51
Common Patterns • Variations
The Globalization of Agriculture 56
Triumph and Resistance • The Culture of
Agriculture
Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture 62
Pastoral Societies • Agricultural Village Societies
Chiefdoms
Reflections: The Legacies of Agriculture 66
Second Thoughts 67
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Agricultural Breakthroughs 52
Snapshot: The History of Maize/Corn 57
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Agricultural Village Societies 68
2.1—Germanic Peoples of Central Europe:Tacitus,
Germania, first century C.E. • 2.2—Social
Organization among the Gikuyu: Jomo Kenyatta,
Facing Mount Kenya, 1938 • 2.3—Religion in a
Caribbean Chiefdom: Bartolomé de Las Casas,
Apologetic History of the Indies, 1566
Using the Evidence 75
Visual Sources Art and Life in the Early
Agrarian Era 76
Çatalhüyük:An Early Map and Landscape Painting
Women, Men, and Religion in Çatalhüyük • An
African Pastoral Community • The Mystery of
Stonehenge • A Sculpture from the Nok Culture
Using the Evidence 83
First Civilizations: Cities,
States, and Unequal Societies,
3500 B.C.E.–500 B.C.E. 85
Something New:The Emergence of
Civilizations 86
Introducing the First Civilizations • The Question
of Origins • An Urban Revolution
The Erosion of Equality 94
Hierarchies of Class • Hierarchies of Gender •
Patriarchy in Practice
The Rise of the State 99
Coercion and Consent • Writing and Accounting
The Grandeur of Kings
Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt 103
Environment and Culture • Cities and States
Interaction and Exchange
Reflections:“Civilization”:What’s in a Word? 112
Second Thoughts 113
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Writing in Ancient Civilizations 101
Snapshot: Key Moments in Mesopotamian
History 104
Snapshot: Key Moments in Nile Valley
Civilizations 107
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Life and Afterlife in Mesopotamia
and Egypt 115
3.1—In Search of Eternal Life:The Epic of
Gilgamesh, ca. 2700 B.C.E.–2500 B.C.E. • 3.2—Law
and Justice in Ancient Mesopotamia:The Law Code
of Hammurabi, ca. 1800 B.C.E. • 3.3—The Afterlife
of a Pharaoh:A Pyramid Text, 2333 B.C.E. •
3.4—A New Basis for Egyptian Immortality:
Book of the Dead, ca. 1550–1064 B.C.E. •
3.5—The Occupations of Old Egypt: Be a Scribe,
2066–1650 B.C.E.
Using the Evidence 125
Visual Sources Indus Valley Civilization 126
Ancient Harappa • A Seal from the Indus Valley
Man from Mohenjo Daro • Dancing Girl
Using the Evidence 131
PART TWO
The Classical Era in
World History,
500 B.C.E.–500 C.E. 132
THE BIG PICTURE After the First Civilizations:
What Changed and What Didn’t 133
Continuities in Civilization • Changes in
Civilization • Classical Civilizations
Landmarks of the Classical Era, 500 B.C.E. to
500 C.E. 140
Snapshot: World Population during the Age of
Agricultural Civilization 135
Eurasian Empires, 500 B.C.E.–
500 C.E. 143
Empires and Civilizations in Collision:The Persians
and the Greeks 145
The Persian Empire • The Greeks • Collision:The
Greco-Persian Wars • Collision: Alexander and the
Hellenistic Era
Comparing Empires: Roman and Chinese 154
Rome: From City-State to Empire • China: From
Warring States to Empire • Consolidating the Roman
and Chinese Empires • The Collapse of Empires
Intermittent Empire:The Case of India 165
Reflections: Classical Empires and the Twentieth
Century 167
Second Thoughts 168
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Key Moments in Classical Greek
History 150
Snapshot: Key Moments in the History of the
Roman Empire 157
Snapshot: Key Moments in Classical Chinese
History 162
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Political Authority in Classical
Civilizations 170
4.1—In Praise of Athenian Democracy: Pericles,
Funeral Oration, 431–430 B.C.E. • 4.2—In Praise
of the Roman Empire: Aelius Aristides,The Roman
Oration, 155 C.E. • 4.3—Governing a Chinese
Empire:The Writings of Master Han Fei, third
century B.C.E. • 4.4—Governing an Indian Empire:
Ashoka,The Rock Edicts, ca. 268–232 B.C.E.
Using the Evidence 178
Visual Sources Qin Shihuangdi and China’s
Eternal Empire 180
An Eighteenth-Century Representation of Qin
Shihuangdi • The Terra-Cotta Army of Shihuangdi •
Terra-Cotta Infantry • Terra-Cotta Archer • A Bronze
Horse-Drawn Chariot
Using the Evidence 187
Eurasian Cultural Traditions,
500 B.C.E.–500 C.E. 189
China and the Search for Order 192
The Legalist Answer • The Confucian Answer
The Daoist Answer
Cultural Traditions of Classical India 197
South Asian Religion: From Ritual Sacrifice to
Philosophical Speculation • The Buddhist Challenge
Hinduism as a Religion of Duty and Devotion
Moving toward Monotheism:The Search for God
in the Middle East 202
Zoroastrianism • Judaism
The Cultural Tradition of Classical Greece:The
Search for a Rational Order 205
The Greek Way of Knowing • The Greek Legacy
Comparing Jesus and the Buddha 209
The Lives of the Founders • Establishing New
Religions • Creating Institutions
Reflections: Religion and Historians 214
Second Thoughts 215
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Thinkers and Philosophies of the
Classical Era 191
Snapshot: Reflections on Human Love from
Mediterranean Civilization 209
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents The Good Life in Classical Eurasia 217
5.1—Reflections from Confucius: Confucius,The
Analects, ca. 479–221 B.C.E. • 5.2—Reflections
from the Hindu Scriptures: Bhagavad Gita, ca. fifth
to second century B.C.E. • 5.3—Reflections
from Socrates: Plato, Apology, ca. 399 B.C.E. •
5.4—Reflections from Jesus:The Gospel of Matthew,
70–100 C.E.
Using the Evidence 226
Visual Sources Representations of the
Buddha 227
Footprints of the Buddha • A Classic Indian Buddha
A Bodhisattva of Compassion: Kannon of 1,000
Arms • The Chinese Maitreya Buddha • The
Amitabha Buddha
Using the Evidence 235
Eurasian Social Hierarchies,
500 B.C.E.–500 C.E. 237
Society and the State in Classical China 238
An Elite of Officials • The Landlord Class
Peasants • Merchants
Class and Caste in India 242
Caste as Varna • Caste as Jati • The Functions of Caste
Slavery in the Classical Era:The Case of the
Roman Empire 247
Slavery and Civilization • The Making of a Slave
Society:The Case of Rome • Resistance and Rebellion
Comparing Patriarchies of the Classical Era 252
A Changing Patriarchy:The Case of China •
Contrasting Patriarchies in Athens and Sparta
Reflections: Arguing with Solomon and the
Buddha 259
Second Thoughts 260
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Social Life and Duty in Classical
India 244
Snapshot: Comparing Greco-Roman and American
Slavery 248
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Patriarchy and Women’s Voices in the
Classical Era 262
6.1—A Male View of Chinese Women’s Lives:
Fu Xuan, How Sad It Is to Be a Woman, third
century C.E. • 6.2—A Chinese Woman’s
Instructions to Her Daughters: Ban Zhao, Lessons
for Women, late first century C.E. • 6.3—An
Alternative to Patriarchy in India: Psalms of the
Sisters, first century B.C.E. • 6.4—Roman Women
in Protest: Livy, History of Rome, late first century
B.C.E. to early first century C.E.
Using the Evidence 271
Visual Sources Pompeii as a Window on the
Roman World 272
Terentius Neo and His Wife • A Pompeii Banquet
Scenes in a Pompeii Tavern • A Domestic Shrine •
Mystery Religions:The Cult of Dionysus
Using the Evidence 279
Classical Era Variations: Africa
and the Americas, 500 B.C.E.–
1200 C.E. 281
The African Northeast 283
Meroë: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization
Axum:The Making of a Christian Kingdom
Along the Niger River: Cities without States 288
South of the Equator:The World of Bantu
Africa 290
Cultural Encounters • Society and Religion
Civilizations of Mesoamerica 292
The Maya:Writing and Warfare • Teotihuacán:The
Americas’ Greatest City
Civilizations of the Andes 297
Chavín:A Pan-Andean Religious Movement
Moche:A Regional Andean Civilization
North America in the Classical Era: From Chaco
to Cahokia 301
Pit Houses and Great Houses:The Ancestral Pueblo
The Mound Builders of the Eastern Woodlands
Reflections: Deciding What’s Important: Balance
in World History 305
Second Thoughts 306
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Continental Population in the
Classical Era 283
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Axum and the World 307
7.1—A Guidebook to the World of Indian Ocean
Commerce:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea,
first century C.E. • 7.2—The Making of an
Axumite Empire: Inscription on a Stone Throne,
second or third century C.E. • 7.3—The Coming of
Christianity to Axum: Rufinus, On the
Evangelization of Abyssinia, late fourth century C.E. •
7.4—A Byzantine View of an Axumite Monarch:
Julian, Report to the Byzantine Emperor on Axum,
530–531 • 7.5—Axum and the Gold Trade: Cosmas,
The Christian Topography, sixth century C.E.
Using the Evidence 315
Visual Sources Art and the Maya Elite 316
Shield Jaguar and Lady Xok:A Royal Couple of
Yaxchilan • The Presentation of Captives •
A Bloodletting Ritual • The Ball Game • An
Embracing Couple
Using the Evidence 323
PART THREE
An Age of Accelerating
Connections, 500–1500 324
THE BIG PICTURE Defining a Millennium 325
Third-Wave Civilizations: Something New,
Something Old, Something Blended • The Ties
That Bind:Transregional Interaction in the
Postclassical Era
Landmarks in the Era of Accelerating
Connections, 500 to 1500 330
Commerce and Culture,
500–1500 333
Silk Roads: Exchange across Eurasia 335
The Growth of the Silk Roads • Goods in Transit
Cultures in Transit • Disease in Transit
Sea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean 341
Weaving the Web of an Indian Ocean World • Sea
Roads as a Catalyst for Change: Southeast Asia and
Srivijaya • Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change:
East Africa and Swahili Civilization
Sand Roads: Exchange across the Sahara 348
Commercial Beginnings in West Africa • Gold, Salt,
and Slaves:Trade and Empire in West Africa
An American Network: Commerce and
Connection in the Western Hemisphere 351
Reflections: Economic Globalization—Ancient
and Modern 354
Second Thoughts 355
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Economic Exchange along the Silk
Roads 337
Snapshot: Economic Exchange in the Indian
Ocean Basin 343
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Travelers’ Tales and Observations 356
8.1—A Chinese Buddhist in India: Huili,
A Biography of the Tripitaka Master and Xuanzang,
Record of the Western Region, Seventh Century C.E.
8.2—A European Christian in China: Marco Polo,
The Travels of Marco Polo, 1299 • 8.3—An Arab
Muslim in West Africa: Ibn Battuta,Travels in Asia
and Africa, 1354
Using the Evidence 366
Visual Sources Art, Religion, and Cultural
Exchange in Central Asia 367
Greek Culture, Buddhism, and the Kushans •
Buddhist Monks on the Silk Road • Manichaean
Scribes • The Mongols in China • Islam, Shamanism,
and the Turks
Using the Evidence 377
China and the World: East Asian
Connections, 500–1300 379
The Reemergence of a Unified China 380
A “Golden Age” of Chinese Achievement • Women
in the Song Dynasty
China and the Northern Nomads:A Chinese World
Order in the Making 385
The Tribute System in Theory • The Tribute System
in Practice • Cultural Influence across an Ecological
Frontier
Coping with China: Comparing Korea,Vietnam,
and Japan 390
Korea and China • Vietnam and China • Japan
and China
China and the Eurasian World Economy 397
Spillovers: China’s Impact on Eurasia • On the
Receiving End: China as Economic Beneficiary
China and Buddhism 399
Making Buddhism Chinese • Losing State Support:
The Crisis of Chinese Buddhism
Reflections:Why Do Things Change? 403
Second Thoughts 405
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Key Moments in the History of
Postclassical China 386
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents The Making of Japanese
Civilization 406
9.1—Japanese Political Ideals: Shotoku,The Seventeen
Article Constitution, 604 • 9.2—Buddhism in
Japan:The Zen Tradition: Dogen,Writings on Zen
Buddhism, thirteenth century • 9.3—The
Uniqueness of Japan: Kitabatake Chikafusa,The
Chronicle of the Direct Descent of Gods and
Sovereigns, 1339 • 9.4—Social Life at Court: Sei
Shonagon, Pillow Book, ca. 1000 • 9.5—The Way
of the Warrior: Shiba Yosimasa,Advice to Young
Samurai, ca. 1400, and Imagawa Ryoshun,The
Imagawa Letter, 1412
Using the Evidence 416
Visual Sources The Leisure Life of China’s
Elites 417
A Banquet with the Emperor • At Table with the
Empress • A Literary Gathering • Solitary Reflection
An Elite Night Party
Using the Evidence 422
The Worlds of European
Christendom: Connected and
Divided, 500–1300 425
Eastern Christendom: Building on the
Roman Past 427
The Byzantine State • The Byzantine Church and
Christian Divergence • Byzantium and the World •
The Conversion of Russia
Western Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake of
Roman Collapse 434
Political Life in Western Europe, 500–1000 • Society
and the Church, 500–1000 • Accelerating Change in
the West, 1000–1300 • Europe Outward Bound:
The Crusading Tradition
The West in Comparative Perspective 445
Catching Up • Pluralism in Politics • Reason
and Faith
Reflections: Remembering and Forgetting:
Continuity and Surprise in the Worlds of
Christendom 452
Second Thoughts 453
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Key Moments in Byzantine History 427
Snapshot: Key Moments in the Evolution of
Western Civilization 434
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents The Making of Christian Europe. . .
and a Chinese Counterpoint 455
10.1—The Conversion of Clovis: Gregory of
Tours, History of the Franks, late sixth century •
10.2—Advice on Dealing with “Pagans”: Pope
Gregory,Advice to the English Church, 601 •
10.3—Charlemagne and the Saxons: Charlemagne,
Capitulary on Saxony, 785 • 10.4 and 10.5—The
Persistence of Tradition:Willibald, Life of Boniface,
ca 760 C.E., and The Leechbook, tenth century •
10.6 —The Jesus Sutras in China:The Jesus Sutras,
635–1005
Using the Evidence 464
Visual Sources Reading Byzantine Icons 466
Christ Pantokrator • The Nativity • Ladder of
Divine Ascent
Using the Evidence 471
The Worlds of Islam:
Afro-Eurasian Connections,
600–1500 473
The Birth of a New Religion 474
The Homeland of Islam • The Messenger and the
Message • The Transformation of Arabia
The Making of an Arab Empire 480
War and Conquest • Conversion to Islam • Divisions
and Controversies • Women and Men in Early Islam
Islam and Cultural Encounter:A Four-Way
Comparison 488
The Case of India • The Case of Anatolia • The
Case of West Africa • The Case of Spain
The World of Islam as a New Civilization 495
Networks of Faith • Networks of Exchange
Reflections: Past and Present: Choosing Our
History 500
Second Thoughts 501
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Key Moments in the Early History of
Islam 476
Snapshot: Key Achievements in Islamic Science
and Scholarship 499
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Voices of Islam 502
11.1—The Voice of Allah:The Quran, seventh
century • 11.2—The Voice of the Prophet
Muhammad:The Hadith, eighth and ninth centuries
11.3—The Voice of the Law:The Sharia, ninth
century • 11.4—The Voice of the Sufis: Inscription
in Rumi’s Tomb, thirteenth century; Rumi, Poem,
thirteenth century; and Rumi,“Drowned in God,”
Mathnawi, thirteenth century
Using the Evidence 511
Visual Sources Islamic Civilization in Persian
Miniature Paintings 512
An Arab Camp Scene • City Life in Islamic Persia
The Night Journey of Muhammad
Using the Evidence 519
Pastoral Peoples on the Global
Stage:The Mongol Moment,
1200–1500 521
Looking Back and Looking Around:The Long
History of Pastoral Nomads 522
The World of Pastoral Societies • The Xiongnu:An
Early Nomadic Empire • The Arabs and the Turks
The Masai of East Africa
Breakout:The Mongol Empire 529
From Temujin to Chinggis Khan:The Rise of the
Mongol Empire • Explaining the Mongol Moment
Encountering the Mongols: Comparing Three
Cases 536
China and the Mongols • Persia and the Mongols
Russia and the Mongols
The Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Network 541
Toward a World Economy • Diplomacy on a
Eurasian Scale • Cultural Exchange in the Mongol
Realm • The Plague:A Eurasian Pandemic
Reflections: Changing Images of Nomadic
Peoples 547
Second Thoughts 548
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Varieties of Pastoral Societies 523
Snapshot: Key Moments in Mongol History 531
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Perspectives on the Mongols 550
12.1—Mongol History from a Mongol Source:
The Secret History of the Mongols, ca. 1240 •
12.2—A Letter from Chinggis Khan: Chinggis
Khan, Letter to Changchun, 1219 • 12.3—A Russian
View of the Mongols:The Chronicle of Novgorod,
1238 • 12.4—Chinese Perceptions of the Mongols:
Epitaph for the Honorable Menggu, 1274
12.5—Mongol Women through European Eyes:
William of Rubruck, Journey to the Land of the
Mongols, ca. 1255
Using the Evidence 559
Visual Sources The Black Death and Religion in
Western Europe 560
The Flagellants • Burying the Dead • A Culture of
Death • In the Face of Catastrophe—Questioning
or Affirming the Faith
Using the Evidence 567
The Worlds of the Fifteenth
Century 569
The Shapes of Human Communities 571
Paleolithic Persistence • Agricultural Village Societies
Herding Peoples
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: Comparing
China and Europe 575
Ming Dynasty China • European Comparisons:
State Building and Cultural Renewal • European
Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century:The Islamic
World 584
In the Islamic Heartland:The Ottoman and Safavid
Empires • On the Frontiers of Islam:The Songhay
and Mughal Empires
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century:The
Americas 588
The Aztec Empire • The Inca Empire
Webs of Connection 594
A Preview of Coming Attractions: Looking Ahead
to the Modern Era, 1500–2010 596
Reflections: What If? Chance and Contingency
in World History 599
Second Thoughts 599
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions •
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Major Developments around the World
in the Fifteenth Century 570
Snapshot: Key Moments in European Maritime
Voyaging 581
Snapshot: World Population Growth, 1000–2000 597
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents The Aztecs and the Incas through
Spanish Eyes 601
13.1—Diego Duran on the Aztecs: King
Moctezuma I, Laws, Ordinances and Regulations,
1450, and Diego Duran, Book of the Gods and
Rites, 1574–76 • 13.2—Pedro de Cieza de Léon
on the Incas: Pedro de Cieza de Léon, Chronicles of
the Incas, ca. 1550
Using the Evidence 607
Visual Sources Sacred Places in the World of the
Fifteenth Century 608
The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest at the Temple
of Heaven, Beijing, China • Kinkakuji:A Buddhist
Temple in Japan • The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
The Church of St. George, Lalibela, Ethiopia
Using the Evidence 616
PART FOUR
The Early Modern World,
1450–1750 618
THE BIG PICTURE Debating the Character of
an Era 619
An Early Modern Era? • A Late Agrarian Era?
Landmarks in the Early Modern Era,
1450–1750 622
Empires and Encounters,
1450–1750 625
European Empires in the Americas 626
The European Advantage • The Great Dying • The
Columbian Exchange
Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas 631
In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas • Colonies
of Sugar • Settler Colonies in North America
The Steppes and Siberia:The Making of a Russian
Empire 639
Experiencing the Russian Empire • Russians and
Empire
Asian Empires 643
Making China an Empire • Muslims and Hindus
in the Mughal Empire • Muslims, Christians, and
the Ottoman Empire
Reflections: Countering Eurocentrism…or
Reflecting It? 650
Second Thoughts 651
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Ethnic Composition of Colonial
Societies in Latin America (1825) 636
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents State Building in the Early
Modern Era 652
14.1—The “Self-Portrait” of a Chinese Emperor:
The Emperor Kangxi, Reflections, 1671–1722 •
14.2—The Memoirs of Emperor Jahangir: Jahangir,
Memoirs, 1605–1627 • 14.3—An Outsider’s View of
Suleiman I: Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq,The Turkish
Letters, 1555–1562 • 14.4 and 14.5—French State-
Building and Louis XIV: Louis XIV, Memoirs, 1670,
and Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Instructions for
Intendants, 1680
Using the Evidence 663
Visual Sources The Conquest of Mexico Through
Aztec Eyes 664
Disaster Foretold • Moctezuma and Cortés • The
Massacre of the Nobles • The Spanish Retreat from
Tenochtitlán • Smallpox: Disease and Defeat
Using the Evidence 671
Global Commerce,
1450–1750 673
Europeans and Asian Commerce 674
A Portuguese Empire of Commerce • Spain and the
Philippines • The East India Companies • Asian
Commerce
Silver and Global Commerce 682
The “World Hunt”: Fur in Global Commerce 685
Commerce in People:The Atlantic Slave Trade 689
The Slave Trade in Context • The Slave Trade in
Practice • Comparing Consequences:The Impact of
the Slave Trade in Africa
Reflections: Economic Globalization—Then and
Now 697
Second Thoughts 698
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions •
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Key Moments in the European
Encounter with Asia 678
Snapshot: The Slave Trade in Numbers
(1501–1866) 694
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Voices from the Slave Trade 700
15.1—The Journey to Slavery: Olaudah Equiano,
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah
Equiano, 1789 • 15.2—The Business of the Slave
Trade:Thomas Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage Made
in the Hannibal of London, 1694 • 15.3—The Slave
Trade and the Kingdom of Kongo: King Affonso I,
Letters to King Jao of Portugal, 1526 • 15.4—The
Slave Trade and the Kingdom of Asante: Osei
Bonsu, Conversation with Joseph Dupuis, 1820
Using the Evidence 710
Visual Sources Exchange and Status in the Early
Modern World 711
Tea and Porcelain in Europe • A Chocolate Party in
Spain • An Ottoman Coffeehouse • Clothing and
Status in Colonial Mexico • Procession and Display
in the Kingdom of Dahomey
Using the Evidence 719
Religion and Science,
1450–1750 721
The Globalization of Christianity 722
Western Christendom Fragmented:The Protestant
Reformation • Christianity Outward Bound •
Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America
An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits
Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural
Traditions 732
Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World •
China: New Directions in an Old Tradition • India:
Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide
A New Way of Thinking:The Birth of Modern
Science 737
The Question of Origins:Why Europe? • Science as
Cultural Revolution • Science and Enlightenment •
Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century
European Science beyond the West
Reflections: Cultural Borrowing and Its
Hazards 746
Second Thoughts 747
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions •
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Catholic/Protestant Differences in the
Sixteenth Century 724
Snapshot: Major Thinkers and Achievements of
the Scientific Revolution 740
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Cultural Change in the Early Modern
World 749
16.1—Luther’s Protest: Martin Luther,Table Talk,
early sixteenth century • 16.2—Progress and
Enlightenment: Marquis de Condorcet, Sketch of
the Progress of the Human Mind, 1793–1794 •
16.3—Debating Confucianism:Wang Yangming,
Conversations, early sixteenth century • 16.4—The
Wahhabi Perspective on Islam: Abdullah Wahhab,
History and Doctrines of the Wahhabis, 1803 •
16.5—The Poetry of Kabîr: Kabîr, Poetry, ca. late
fifteenth century
Using the Evidence 759
Visual Sources Global Christianity in the Early
Modern Era 761
Pieter Seanredam, Interior of a Dutch Reformed
Church • Catholic Baroque: Interior of Pilgrimage
Church, Mariazell,Austria • Cultural Blending in
Andean Christianity • Making Christianity
Chinese • Christian Art at the Mughal Court
Using the Evidence 769
PART FIVE
The European Moment In
World History, 1750–1914 770
THE BIG PICTURE European Centrality and the
Problem of Eurocentrism 771
Eurocentric Geography and History •
Countering Eurocentrism
Landmarks of the European Moment in World
History, 1750–1914 776
Atlantic Revolutions and Their
Echoes, 1750–1914 779
Comparing Atlantic Revolutions 780
The North American Revolution, 1775–1787 •
The French Revolution, 1789–1815 • The Haitian
Revolution, 1791–1804 • Spanish American
Revolutions, 1810–1825
Echoes of Revolution 793
The Abolition of Slavery • Nations and Nationalism
Feminist Beginnings
Reflections: Revolutions Pro and Con 803
Second Thoughts 804
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Key Moments in the History of Atlantic
Revolutions 781
Snapshot: Key Moments in the Growth of
Nationalism 797
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Claiming Rights 806
17.1—The French Revolution and the “Rights of
Man”:The Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen, 1789 • 17.2—The Rights of Women:
Mary Wollstonecraft,A Vindication of the Rights of
Woman, 1792 • 17.3—Rights and National
Independence: Simón Bolívar,The Jamaica Letter,
1815 • 17.4—Rights and Slavery: Frederick
Douglass,What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?,
1852 • 17.5—Rights in the Colonial World: Raden
Adjeng Kartini, Letter to a Friend, 1899
Using the Evidence 816
Visual Sources Representing the French
Revolution 817
The Early Years of the French Revolution:“The
Joyous Accord” • A Reversal of Roles:The Three
Estates of the Old Regime • Revolution and
Religion:“Patience, Monsignor, your turn will come.”
An English Response to Revolution: “Hell Broke
Loose or, the Murder of Louis” • Revolution,War,
and Resistance:A German View of Napoleon
Using the Evidence 823
Revolutions of Industrialization,
1750–1914 825
Explaining the Industrial Revolution 826
Why Europe? • Why Britain?
The First Industrial Society 832
The British Aristocracy • The Middle Classes •
The Laboring Classes • Social Protest
Variations on a Theme:Comparing Industrialization
in the United States and Russia 840
The United States: Industrialization without
Socialism • Russia: Industrialization and Revolution
The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in
the Nineteenth Century 846
After Independence in Latin America • Facing the
World Economy • Becoming like Europe?
Reflections: History and Horse Races 853
Second Thoughts 854
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Measuring the Industrial
Revolution 833
Snapshot: The Industrial Revolution and the
Global Divide 847
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Varieties of European Marxism 855
18.1—Socialism According to Marx: Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels,The Communist Manifesto,
1848 • 18.2—Socialism without Revolution:
Eduard Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, 1899
18.3—Socialism and Women: Clara Zetkin,
The German Socialist Women’s Movement, 1909 •
18.4—Socialism in Song: Eugene Pottier,The
Internationale, 1871 • 18.5—Lenin and Russian
Socialism:V. I. Lenin,What Is To Be Done?, 1902
Using the Evidence 866
Visual Sources Art and the Industrial
Revolution 867
The Machinery Department of the Crystal Palace
The Railroad as a Symbol of the Industrial Era •
Outside the Factory: Eyre Crowe,The Dinner
Hour, Wigan • Inside the Factory: Lewis Hine,
Child Labor, 1912 • Philip James de Loutherbourg,
Coalbrookdale by Night • John Leech, Capital and
Labour
Using the Evidence 875
Internal Troubles, External
Threats: China, the Ottoman
Empire, and Japan, 1800–1914 877
The External Challenge: European Industry and
Empire 879
New Motives, New Means • New Perceptions of the
“Other”
Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis 882
The Crisis Within • Western Pressures • The Failure
of Conservative Modernization
The Ottoman Empire and the West in the
Nineteenth Century 889
“The Sick Man of Europe” • Reform and Its
Opponents • Outcomes: Comparing China and the
Ottoman Empire
The Japanese Difference:The Rise of a New East
Asian Power 894
The Tokugawa Background • American Intrusion
and the Meiji Restoration • Modernization Japanese
Style • Japan and the World
Reflections: Success and Failure in History 903
Second Thoughts 903
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Chinese/British Trade at Canton,
1835–1836 885
Snapshot: Key Moments in the Rise of Japan in
the Nineteenth Century and Beyond 899
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Voices from the Opium War 905
19.1—A Chinese Response to Lord Macartney:
Emperor Qianlong, Message to King George III, 1793
19.2 and 19.3—Debating the Opium Problem:
Xu Naiji,An Argument for Legalization, 1836, and
Yuan Yulin,An Argument for Suppression, 1836 •
19.4—A Moral Appeal to Queen Victoria:
Commissioner Lin Zexu, Letter to Queen Victoria,
1839 • 19.5—War and Defeat:The Treaty of
Nanjing, 1842
Using the Evidence 913
Visual Sources Japanese Perceptions of
the West 915
The Black Ships • Depicting the Americans •
Women and Westernization • Kobayashi Kiyochika’s
Critique of Wholesale Westernization • Japan, China,
and Europe:A Reversal of Roles
Using the Evidence 921
Colonial Encounters,
1750–1914 923
A Second Wave of European Conquests 924
Under European Rule 928
Cooperation and Rebellion • Colonial Empires with
a Difference
Ways of Working: Comparing Colonial
Economies 932
Economies of Coercion: Forced Labor and the Power
of the State • Economies of Cash-Crop Agriculture:
The Pull of the Market • Economies of Wage Labor:
Working for Europeans • Women and the Colonial
Economy: An African Case Study • Assessing
Colonial Development
Believing and Belonging: Identity and Cultural
Change in the Colonial Era 941
Education • Religion • “Race” and “Tribe”
Reflections: Who Makes History? 947
Second Thoughts 948
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Long-Distance Migration in an Age of
Empire, 1846–1940 940
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Indian Responses to Empire 950
20.1—The Wonders of British Calcutta: Nawab
Muhabbat Khan, On Calcutta, late eighteenth century
20.2—Seeking Western Education: Ram Mohan
Roy, Letter to Lord Amherst, 1823 • 20.3—The
Indian Rebellion: Bahadur Shah,The Azamgarh
Proclamation, 1857 • 20.4—The Credits and Debits
of British Rule in India: Dadabhai Naoroji, Speech
to a London Audience, 1871 • 20.5—Gandhi on
Modern Civilization: Mahatma Gandhi, Indian
Home Rule, 1908
Using the Evidence 959
Visual Sources The Scramble for Africa 960
Prelude to the Scramble • Conquest and Competition
From the Cape to Cairo • A French Critique of
the Boer War • The Ethiopian Exception
Using the Evidence 967
PART SIX
The Most Recent Century,
1914–2010 968
THE BIG PICTURE The Twentieth Century:
A New Period in World History? 969
Old and New in the Twentieth Century • Three
Regions—One World
Landmarks of the Most Recent Century,
1914–2010 974
The Collapse and Recovery of
Europe, 1914–1970s 977
The First World War: European Civilization in
Crisis, 1914–1918 978
An Accident Waiting to Happen • Legacies of the
Great War
Capitalism Unraveling:The Great Depression 985
Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany,
and Japan 988
The Fascist Alternative in Europe • Hitler and the
Nazis • Japanese Authoritarianism
A Second World War 996
The Road to War in Asia • The Road to War in
Europe • The Outcomes of Global Conflict
The Recovery of Europe 1005
Reflections:War and Remembrance: Learning
from History 1008
Second Thoughts 1009
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Comparing the Impact of the
Depression 987
Snapshot: Key Moments in the History of World
War II 1001
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Ideologies of the Axis Powers 1010
21.1—Mussolini on Fascism: Benito Mussolini,
The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism, 1933
21.2—Hitler on Nazism:Adolph Hitler, Mein
Kampf (My Struggle), 1925–1926 • Document
21.3—The Japanese Way: Cardinal Principles of the
National Entity of Japan, 1937
Using the Evidence 1017
Visual Sources Propaganda and Critique in World
War I 1019
Women and the War • Defining the Enemy • War and
the Colonies • The Battlefield • The Aftermath ofWar
Using the Evidence 1027
The Rise and Fall of World
Communism, 1917–Present 1029
Global Communism 1030
Comparing Revolutions as a Path to
Communism 1032
Russia: Revolution in a Single Year • China:A
Prolonged Revolutionary Struggle
Building Socialism in Two Countries 1038
Communist Feminism • Socialism in the
Countryside • Communism and Industrial
Development • The Search for Enemies
East versus West: A Global Divide and a
Cold War 1045
Military Conflict and the Cold War • Nuclear
Standoff and Third World Rivalry • The United
States: Superpower of the West, 1945–1975 • The
Communist World, 1950s–1970s
Comparing Paths to the End of Communism 1051
China:Abandoning Communism and Maintaining
the Party • The Soviet Union:The Collapse of
Communism and Country
Reflections: To Judge or Not to Judge 1057
Second Thoughts 1058
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: China under Mao, 1949–1976 1042
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Experiencing Stalinism 1060
22.1—Stalin on Stalinism: Joseph Stalin,The Results
of the First Five-Year Plan, 1933 • 22.2—Living
through Collectivization: Maurice Hindus, Red Bread,
1931 • 22.3—Living through Industrialization:
Personal Accounts of Soviet Industrialization, 1930s
22.4—Living through the Terror: Personal Accounts
of the Terror, 1930s
Using the Evidence 1070
Visual Sources Poster Art in Mao’s China 1071
Smashing the Old Society • Building the New
Society:The People’s Commune • Women, Nature,
and Industrialization • The Cult of Mao •
Propaganda Posters after Mao
Using the Evidence 1079
Independence and
Development in the Global South,
1914–Present 1081
Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence 1082
The End of Empire in World History • Explaining
African and Asian Independence
Comparing Freedom Struggles 1086
The Case of India: Ending British Rule • The Case
of South Africa: Ending Apartheid
Experiments with Freedom 1094
Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African
Nations and India • Experiments in Economic
Development: Changing Priorities,Varying Outcomes
Experiments with Culture:The Role of Islam in
Turkey and Iran
Reflections: History in the Middle of the
Stream 1108
Second Thoughts 1109
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Key Moments in South African
History 1090
Snapshot: Economic Development in the Global
South by the Early Twenty-first Century 1100
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Debating Development in Africa 1110
23.1—The Colonial Legacy for Modern
Development:A. Adu Boahen, African Perspectives
on Colonialism, 1987 • 23.2—Development and
African Unity: Kwame Nkrumah, Africa Must
Unite, 1963 • 23.3—Development, Socialism,
and Self-Reliance: Julius Nyerere,The Arusha
Declaration, 1967 • 23.4—Development and
Women:Mildred Malineo Tau,Women: Critical to
African Development, 1981 • 23.5—Development,
Elites, and the State: George B. N.Ayittey, Africa
Betrayed, 1992, and Africa in Chaos, 1998
Using the Evidence 1121
Visual Sources Representing Independence 1122
Non-Co-operation Tree and Mahatma Gandhi •
African National Congress • Vietnamese Independence
and Victory over the United States • Winning a
Jewish National State • A Palestinian Nation in
the Making
Using the Evidence 1131
Accelerating Global Interaction,
Since 1945 1133
The Transformation of the World Economy 1134
Reglobalization • Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Globalization and an American Empire
The Globalization of Liberation: Comparing
Feminist Movements 1145
Feminism in the West • Feminism in the Global
South • International Feminism
Religion and Global Modernity 1150
Fundamentalism on a Global Scale • Creating
Islamic Societies: Resistance and Renewal in the
World of Islam • Religious Alternatives to
Fundamentalism
The World’s Environment and the Globalization
of Environmentalism 1158
The Global Environment Transformed • Green and
Global
Final Reflections: Pondering the Uses of
History 1163
Second Thoughts 1166
What’s the Significance? • Big Picture Questions •
Next Steps: For Further Study
Snapshot: Indicators of Reglobalization 1138
Snapshot: World Population Growth,
1950–2005 1159
CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE
Documents Contending for Islam 1167
24.1—A Secular State for an Islamic Society in
Turkey: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Speech to the
General Congress of the Republican Party, 1927 •
24.2—Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood: Hassan al-
Banna,Toward the Light, 1936 • 24.3—The Ideas
of the Ayatollah Khomeini:Ayatollah Khomeini,
Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini, 1980 •
24.4—A Liberal Viewpoint from an Islamic Woman:
Benazir Bhutto, Politics and the Muslim Woman,
1985 • 24.5—Islam and 9/11: Kabir Helminski:
“Islam and Human Values,” 2009
Using the Evidence 1178
Visual Sources Experiencing Globalization 1180
Globalization and Work • Globalization and
Consumerism • Globalization and Migration •
Globalization and Protest • Globalization: One
World or Many?
Using the Evidence 1187
Notes 1189
Acknowledgments 1207
Index 1209
About the Author Inside back cover