Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Eleventh Edition
Gerald Corey
Contents
Preface xvii
Part 1
Basic Issues in Counseling Practice
1 Introduction and Overview 1
Introduction 2
Where I Stand 3
Suggestions for Using the Book 5
Overview of the Theory Chapters 6
Introduction to the Case of Stan 9
Intake Interview With Stan 10
Overview of Some Key Themes in Stan’s Life 12
Introduction to the Case of Gwen 13
Meet Dr. Kellie Kirksey 13
Background on the Case of Gwen 13
Intake Session 14
Video on Counseling Sessions With Gwen 15
Overview of Video MindTap Program for
The Case of Gwen 15
Chapter 1 Intake Session 15
Chapter 2 Multicultural Perspectives 15
Chapter 3 Informed Consent Session 15
Chapter 4 Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic)
Therapy 15
Chapter 5 Adlerian Therapy 15
Chapter 6 Existential Therapy 16
Chapter 7 Person-Centered Therapy 16
Chapter 8 Gestalt Therapy 16
Chapter 9 Behavior Therapy 16
Chapter 10 Cognitive Behavior Therapy 16
Chapter 11 Choice Theory/Reality Therapy 16
Chapter 12 Feminist Therapy/Social Justice 16
Chapter 13 Postmodern Approaches: Solution-
Focused Brief Therapy 17
Chapter 14 Family Systems Therapy 17
Chapter 15 Integrative Approaches 17
2 The Counselor: Person and
Professional 18
Introduction 19
The Counselor as a Therapeutic Person 19
Personal Characteristics of Effective
Counselors 20
Personal Therapy for the Counselor 22
The Counselor’s Values and the Therapeutic
Process 24
The Role of Values in Counseling 24
Can Counselors Who Self-Identify as Religious
Provide Value-Free Counseling to LGBTQ1
Clients? 25
Addressing Religious and Spiritual Values in
Counseling 26
The Role of Values in Developing Therapeutic
Goals 28
Becoming an Effective Multicultural
Counselor 28
Acquiring Competencies in Multicultural
Counseling 29
Incorporating Culture in Counseling Practice 31
Issues Faced by Beginning Therapists 32
Dealing With Anxiety 32
Being Yourself and Self-Disclosure 33
Avoiding Perfectionism 33
Being Honest About Your Limitations 34
Understanding Silence 34
Dealing With Demands From Clients 34
Dealing With Clients Who Lack Commitment 34
Tolerating Ambiguity 35
Becoming Aware of Your Countertransference 35
Developing a Sense of Humor 36
Sharing Responsibility With the Client 36
Declining to Give Advice 36
Defining Your Role as a Counselor 37
Maintaining Your Vitality as a Person
and as a Professional 37
Contents
Summary 40
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 40
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 2 41
References 41
3 Ethical Issues in Counseling
Practice 44
Introduction 45
Putting Clients’ Needs Before Your Own 45
Ethical Decision Making 46
The Role of Ethics Codes as a Catalyst for Improving
Practice 46
Some Steps in Making Ethical Decisions 47
The Right of Informed Consent 48
Dimensions of Confidentiality 49
Ethical Concerns With the Use
of Technology 49
Exceptions to Confidentiality and Privileged
Communication 50
Ethical Issues From a Multicultural
Perspective 50
Are Current Theories Adequate in Working With
Culturally Diverse Populations? 51
Is Counseling Culture-Bound? 51
Focusing on Both Individual and Environmental
Factors 52
Ethical Issues in the Assessment Process 52
The Role of Assessment and Diagnosis in
Counseling 52
Ethical Aspects of Evidence-Based
Practice 55
Managing Multiple Relationships in
Counseling Practice 56
Perspectives on Multiple Relationships 58
Becoming an Ethical Counselor 61
Summary 61
Self-Reflection and Discussion
Questions 62
Where to Go From Here 62
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 3 64
References 64
Part 2
Theories and Techniques of
Counseling
4 Psychoanalytic Therapy 66
Introduction 67
Key Concepts 68
View of Human Nature 68
Structure of Personality 68
Consciousness and the Unconscious 70
Anxiety 70
Ego-Defense Mechanisms 71
Development of Personality 72
The Therapeutic Process 75
Therapeutic Goals 75
Therapist’s Function and Role 75
Client’s Experience in Therapy 76
Relationship Between Therapist and Client 78
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and
Procedures 81
Maintaining the Analytic Framework 81
Free Association 82
Interpretation 82
Dream Analysis 83
Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance 83
Analysis and Interpretation of Transference 84
Application to Group Counseling 85
Applying the Psychoanalytic Approach to School
Counseling 86
Jung’s Perspective on the Development of
Personality 87
Contemporary Trends: Object-Relations Theory,
Self Psychology, and Relational
Psychoanalysis 89
Summary of Stages of Development 90
Some Directions of Contemporary Psychodynamic
Therapy 92
An Expert’s Perspective on Psychoanalytic
Therapy 94
Discussion Questions Related to Dr. Blau’s
Psychoanalytic Perspective 97
Psychoanalytic Therapy From a Multicultural
Perspective 98
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 98
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 98
Psychoanalytic Therapy Applied to the Case
of Stan 99
Psychoanalytic Therapy Applied to the Case
of Gwen 100
Summary and Evaluation 102
Summary 102
Contributions of the Classical Psychoanalytic
Approach 103
Contributions of Contemporary Psychoanalytic
Approaches 103
Limitations and Criticisms of Psychoanalytic
Approaches 105
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 106
Where to Go From Here 106
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 4 107
References 107
5 Adlerian Therapy 109
Introduction 113
Key Concepts 113
View of Human Nature 113
Goal-Directed Movement 114
Goal-Orientation and the Unity of the
Personality 115
Community Feeling and Social Interest 117
Private Logic 118
Life Tasks 120
Influences on Individual Development 120
Birth Order and Sibling Relationships 122
Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: Systemic Holism 123
The Therapeutic Process 124
Therapeutic Goals 124
Therapist’s Function and Role 125
Client’s Experience in Therapy 125
Relationship Between Therapist and Client 127
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and
Procedures 127
Phase 1: Establishing the Relationship 128
Phase 2: Assessing the Individual’s Psychological
Dynamics 128
Phase 3: Encourage Self-Understanding and
Insight 132
Phase 4: Adaptive Reorientation and Reeducation 133
Application for Individual Psychology 137
Application for Family Counseling 138
Application for Group Counseling 138
Applying the Adlerian Approach to School
Counseling 139
An Expert’s Perspective on Adlerian Therapy 141
Discussion Questions Related to Dr. Bitter’s Adlerian
Perspective 145
Adlerian Therapy From a Multicultural
Perspective 146
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 146
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 147
Adlerian Therapy Applied to the Case
of Stan 148
Adlerian Therapy Applied to the Case
of Gwen 149
Summary and Evaluation 151
Summary 151
Contributions of the Adlerian Approach 152
Limitations and Criticisms of the Adlerian
Approach 153
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 153
Where to Go From Here 154
Free Podcasts for ACA Members 154
Other Resources 154
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 5 155
References 155
6 Existential Therapy 158
Introduction 161
Historical Background in Philosophy and
Existentialism 162
Key Figures in Contemporary Existential
Psychotherapy 165
Key Concepts 166
View of Human Nature 166
Proposition 1: The Capacity for Self-Awareness 167
Proposition 2: Freedom and Responsibility 168
Proposition 3: Striving for Identity and Relationship
to Others 170
Proposition 4: The Search for Meaning 172
Proposition 5: Anxiety as a Condition of Living 174
Proposition 6: Awareness of Death and
Nonbeing 175
The Therapeutic Process 175
Therapeutic Goals 175
Therapist’s Function and Role 176
Client’s Experience in Therapy 177
Relationship Between Therapist and Client 177
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and
Procedures 179
Phases of Existential Counseling 180
Clients Appropriate for Existential Counseling 180
Application to Brief Therapy 181
Application to Group Counseling 181
Applications of Existential Approach to School
Counseling 182
An Expert’s Perspective on Existential Therapy 183
Discussion Questions Related to Dr. Deurzen’s
Existential Perspective 186
Existential Therapy From a Multicultural
Perspective 186
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 186
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 187
Existential Therapy Applied to the Case
of Stan 188
Existential Therapy Applied to the Case
of Gwen 189
Summary and Evaluation 191
Summary 191
Contributions of the Existential Approach 191
Limitations and Criticisms of the Existential
Approach 193
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 193
Where to Go From Here 194
Free Podcasts for ACA Members 194
Other Resources 194
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 6 196
References 196
7 Person-Centered Therapy 198
Introduction 200
Four Periods of Development of the Approach 201
Emotion-Focused Therapy 202
Existentialism and Humanism 203
Abraham Maslow’s Contributions to Humanistic
Psychology 204
Key Concepts 206
View of Human Nature 206
The Therapeutic Process 207
Therapeutic Goals 207
Therapist’s Function and Role 207
Client’s Experience in Therapy 208
Relationship Between Therapist and Client 209
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and
Procedures 212
Early Emphasis on Reflection of Feelings 212
Evolution of Person-Centered Methods 212
The Role of Assessment 214
Application of the Philosophy of the Person-Centered
Approach 214
Application to Crisis Intervention 215
Application to Group Counseling 215
Application of the Person-Centered Approach
With Children and Adolescents in School
Counseling 216
Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy 217
Principles of Expressive Arts Therapy 217
Creativity and Offering Stimulating Experiences 218
An Expert’s Perspective on Person-Centered
Expressive Arts 219
Discussion Questions Related to the Person-Centered
Expressive Arts Perspective 221
Person-Centered Therapy From a Multicultural
Perspective 222
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 222
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 222
Person-Centered Therapy Applied to the Case
of Stan 224
Person-Centered Therapy Applied to the Case
of Gwen 225
Summary and Evaluation 227
Summary 227
Contributions of the Person-Centered
Approach 228
Limitations and Criticisms of the Person-Centered
Approach 229
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 230
Where to Go From Here 231
Free Podcasts for ACA Members 231
Other Resources 231
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 7 232
References 232
8 Gestalt Therapy 235
Introduction 237
Key Concepts 238
View of Human Nature 238
Some Principles of Gestalt Therapy Theory 239
Contact and Resistances to Contact 240
The Now 242
Unfinished Business 243
Energy and Blocks to Energy 244
The Therapeutic Process 244
Therapeutic Goals 244
Therapist’s Function and Role 245
Client’s Experience in Therapy 247
Relationship Between Therapist and Client 248
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and
Procedures 249
The Experiment in Gestalt Therapy 249
Preparing Clients for Gestalt Experiments 251
The Role of Confrontation 252
Gestalt Therapy Interventions 253
Application to Group Counseling 257
Application of the Gestalt Approach to School
Counseling 258
An Expert’s Perspective on Gestalt
Therapy 260
Discussion Questions Related to the Gestalt Therapy
Perspective 262
Gestalt Therapy From a Multicultural
Perspective 263
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 263
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 263
Gestalt Therapy Applied to the Case
of Stan 264
Gestalt Therapy Applied to the Case
of Gwen 266
Summary and Evaluation 267
Summary 267
Contributions of Gestalt Therapy 267
Limitations and Criticisms of Gestalt Therapy 268
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 270
Where to Go From Here 270
Other Resources 270
Training Programs and Associations 270
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 8 271
References 271
9 Behavior Therapy 273
Introduction 276
Historical Background 276
Four Areas of Development 277
Key Concepts 279
Current Trend in Behavior Therapy 279
Basic Characteristics and Assumptions 279
The Therapeutic Process 280
Therapeutic Goals 280
Therapist’s Function and Role 281
Client’s Experience in Therapy 282
Relationship Between Therapist and Client 283
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and
Procedures 283
Applied Behavioral Analysis: Operant Conditioning
Techniques 284
Progressive Muscle Relaxation 285
Systematic Desensitization 286
In Vivo Exposure and Flooding 288
Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing 290
Social Skills Training 292
Self-Management Programs and Self-Directed
Behavior 292
Multimodal Therapy: Clinical Behavior
Therapy 294
Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Approaches 295
Application to Group Counseling 304
Applying the Behavioral Approach to School
Counseling 306
An Expert’s Perspective on Behavior
Therapy 307
Discussion Questions Related to the Behavior
Therapy Perspective 309
Behavior Therapy From a Multicultural
Perspective 309
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 309
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 311
Behavior Therapy Applied to the Case
of Stan 311
Behavior Therapy Applied to the Case
of Gwen 313
Summary and Evaluation 314
Summary 314
Contributions of Behavior Therapy 315
Limitations and Criticisms of Behavior Therapy 316
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 318
Where to Go From Here 318
Other Resources 318
Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Approaches 319
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 9 319
References 320
10 Cognitive Behavior Therapy 323
Introduction 324
Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior
Therapy 324
Introduction 324
Key Concepts 326
View of Emotional Disturbance 326
ABC Framework 327
The Therapeutic Process 328
Therapeutic Goals 328
Therapist’s Function and Role 328
Client’s Experience in Therapy 329
Relationship Between Therapist and Client 330
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and
Procedures 330
The Practice of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 330
Applications of REBT as a Brief Therapy 334
Application of REBT to Group Counseling 334
Application of REBT to School Counseling 335
An Expert’s Perspective on Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy 336
Discussion Questions Related to the REBT
Perspective 338
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy 340
Introduction 340
A Generic Cognitive Model 341
Basic Principles of Cognitive Therapy 343
The Client–Therapist Relationship 345
Applications of Cognitive Therapy 346
Applying Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling With
Adolescents in Schools 348
Christine Padesky and Kathleen Mooney’s
Strengths-Based Cognitive Behavior
Therapy 350
Introduction 350
Basic Principles of Strengths-Based CBT 350
The Client–Therapist Relationship 351
Applications of Strengths-Based CBT 351
An Expert’s Perspective on Cognitive Behavior
Therapy 353
Discussion Questions Related to Dr. Christine
Padesky’s Cognitive Behavior Perspective 355
Donald Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior
Modification 356
Introduction 356
How Behavior Changes 357
Stress Inoculation Training 358
A Cognitive Narrative Approach to Cognitive
Behavior Therapy 360
Cognitive Behavior Therapy From a Multicultural
Perspective 361
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 361
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 362
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Applied to the Case
of Stan 364
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Applied to the Case
of Gwen 366
Summary and Evaluation 367
Summary 367
Contributions of the Cognitive-Behavioral
Approaches 368
Limitations and Criticisms of the Cognitive-
Behavioral Approaches 370
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 372
Where to Go From Here 372
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 10 374
References 374
11 Choice Theory/Reality Therapy 377
Introduction 379
Key Concepts 380
View of Human Nature 380
Choice Theory Explanation of Behavior 382
Characteristics of Reality Therapy 382
The Therapeutic Process 384
Therapeutic Goals 384
Therapist’s Function and Role 385
Client’s Experience in Therapy 385
Relationship Between Therapist and Client 386
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and
Procedures 386
The Practice of Reality Therapy 386
The Counseling Environment 387
Procedures That Lead to Change 387
The “WDEP” System 388
Application to Group Counseling 393
Application of Reality Therapy to School
Counseling 394
An Expert’s Perspective on Choice Theory/
Reality Therapy 395
Discussion Questions Related to the Choice Theory/
Reality Therapy Perspective 397
Choice Theory/Reality Therapy From a
Multicultural Perspective 397
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 397
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 399
Reality Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 400
Reality Therapy Applied to the Case of
Gwen 401
Summary and Evaluation 403
Summary 403
Contributions of Choice Theory/Reality
Therapy 403
Limitations and Criticisms of Choice Theory/Reality
Therapy 404
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 405
Where to Go From Here 405
Free Podcasts for ACA Members 405
Other Resources 406
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 11 407
References 407
12 Feminist Therapy 408
Introduction 410
History and Development 412
Key Concepts 413
Constructs of Feminist Theory 413
Feminist Perspective on Personality
Development 413
Recent Trends in Feminist Therapy 414
Principles of Feminist Therapy 415
The Therapeutic Process 417
Therapeutic Goals 417
Therapist’s Function and Role 418
Client’s Experience in Therapy 419
Relationship Between Therapist and Client 420
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and
Procedures 420
The Role of Assessment and Diagnosis 420
Techniques and Strategies 421
The Role of Men in Feminist Therapy 425
Application of the Feminist Approach to Group
Work 426
Feminist Social Justice Principles Applied to School
Counseling 426
An Expert’s Perspective on Feminist
Therapy 428
Discussion Questions Related to the Feminist
Therapy Perspective 432
Feminist Therapy From a Multicultural
and Social Justice Perspective 432
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 432
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 434
Feminist Therapy Applied to the Case
of Stan 434
Feminist Therapy Applied to the Case
of Gwen 436
Summary and Evaluation 439
Summary 439
Contributions of Feminist Therapy and Multicultural
and Social Justice Perspectives 441
Limitations and Criticisms of Feminist
Counseling 442
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 443
Where to Go From Here 444
Other Resources 444
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 12 445
References 445
13 Postmodern Approaches 448
Some Contemporary Founders of Postmodern
Therapies 449
Introduction to Social Constructionism 449
Historical Glimpse of Social Constructionism 450
The Collaborative Language Systems Approach 451
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy 452
Introduction 452
Key Concepts 453
The Therapeutic Process 455
Applying SFBT to Group Counseling 462
Application of Solution-Focused Counseling
to School Counseling 463
An Expert’s Perspective on Solution-Focused
Brief Therapy 464
Discussion Questions Related to the Solution-
Focused Brief Therapy Perspective 467
Motivational Interviewing 468
The MI Spirit 468
Common Ground With Person-Centered
Therapy 468
The Basic Principles of Motivational
Interviewing 469
The Stages of Change 470
Common Ground With Solution-Focused Brief
Therapy 471
Application of Motivational Interviewing to School
Counseling 472
Narrative Therapy 474
Introduction 474
Key Concepts 474
The Therapeutic Process 475
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and
Procedures 478
Application of Narrative Therapy to Group
Counseling 482
An Expert’s Perspective on Narrative
Therapy 483
Discussion Questions Related to the Narrative
Therapy Perspective 487
Postmodern Approaches From a Multicultural
Perspective 487
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 487
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 488
Postmodern Approaches Applied to the Case
of Stan 489
Postmodern Approaches Applied to the Case
of Gwen 491
Summary and Evaluation 493
Summary 493
Contributions of Postmodern Approaches 494
Limitation and Criticisms of Postmodern
Approaches 496
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 496
Where to Go From Here 497
Free Podcasts for ACA Members 497
Other Resources 497
Training in Solution-Focused Therapy
Approaches 498
Training in Narrative Therapy 498
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 13 498
References 499
14 Family Systems Therapy 502
Introduction 503
The Family Systems Perspective 503
Differences Between Systemic and Individual
Approaches 504
Development of Family Systems Therapy 505
Structural-Strategic Family Therapy 507
Recent Innovations in Family Therapy 508
A Multilayered Process of Family Therapy 509
Forming a Relationship 509
Conducting an Assessment 510
Hypothesizing and Sharing Meaning 513
Facilitating Change 514
Application of Family Systems Approaches to School
Counseling 515
An Expert’s Perspective on Family Systems
Therapy 516
Discussion Questions Related to the Family Systems
Therapy Perspective 520
Family Systems Therapy From a Multicultural
Perspective 520
Strengths From a Diversity Perspective 520
Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective 521
Family Therapy Applied to the Case
of Stan 522
Family Therapy Applied to the Case
of Gwen 525
Summary and Evaluation 527
Summary 527
Contributions of Family Systems Approaches 528
Limitations and Criticisms of Family Systems
Approaches 529
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 529
Where to Go From Here 529
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 14 530
References 530
Part 3
Integration and Application
15 An Integrative Perspective 532
Introduction 533
The Movement Toward Psychotherapy
Integration 533
Pathways Toward Psychotherapy Integration 534
Advantages of Psychotherapy Integration 536
The Challenge of Developing an Integrative
Perspective 536
Integration of Multicultural Issues in Counseling 539
Integration of Spirituality and Religion in
Counseling 540
The Therapeutic Process 542
Therapeutic Goals 542
Therapist’s Function and Role 544
Client’s Experience in Therapy 544
Relationship Between Therapist and Client 545
The Place of Techniques and Evaluation in
Counseling 547
Drawing on Techniques From Various
Approaches 547
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Counseling and
Therapy 555
Feedback-Informed Treatment 556
An Integrative Approach Applied to the Case
of Stan 557
An Integrative Approach Applied to the Case
of Gwen 560
Summary 562
Concluding Comments 563
Self-Reflection and Discussion Questions 564
Where to Go From Here 564
Other Resources 564
Recommended Supplementary Readings for
Chapter 15 565
References 565
Name Index 567
Subject Index 573