Fundamentals of Phonetics: A Practical Guide for Students, Sixth Edition
Larry H. Small and Chao-Yang Lee
Contents
Preface v
1 Phonetics: A “Sound” Science 1
Learning Objectives 1
Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet 1
Variation in Phonetic Practice 4
The IPA and Unicode Fonts 6
Chapter Summary 7
Study Questions 8
Online Resources 8
2 Phonetic Transcription of English 9
Learning Objectives 9
The Differences Between Spelling and Sound 10
Morphemes, Phonemes, and Allophones 13
Syllables and Their Components 20
Primary Word Stress 25
Broad Versus Narrow and Systematic Versus Impressionistic Transcription 31
Chapter Summary 32
Review Exercises 32
Study Questions 35
Online Resources 36
Assignment 2-1 37
Assignment 2-2 39
3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism 41
Learning Objectives 41
The Respiratory System and Respiration 41
The Laryngeal System and Phonation 43
The Supralaryngeal System and Articulation 45
The Vocal Tract and Resonance 49
Chapter Summary 50
Review Exercises 50
Study Questions 52
Online Resources 52
4 Vowels 53
Learning Objectives 53
English Vowel and Diphthong Production 53
Transcription of English Vowels and Diphthongs 57
Chapter Summary 96
Review Exercises 96
Study Questions 101
Online Resources 101
Assignment 4-1 103
Assignment 4-2 105
Assignment 4-3 107
Assignment 4-4 109
5 Consonants 110
Learning Objectives 110
Consonants Versus Vowels 110
Production of English Consonants: Manner, Place, and Voicing 112
Transcription of the English Consonants 114
Chapter Summary 151
Review Exercises 151
Study Questions 155
Online Resources 155
Assignment 5-1 157
Assignment 5-2 159
Assignment 5-3 161
Assignment 5-4 163
Assignment 5-5 165
Assignment 5-6 167
Assignment 5-7 169
6 Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels and Consonants 170
Learning Objectives 170
Time, Frequency, and Intensity 171
Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels and Diphthongs 174
Acoustic Characteristics of Consonants 179
Clinical Application 192
Chapter Summary 194
Review Exercises 195
Study Questions 198
Online Resources 198
7 Connected Speech 199
Learning Objectives 199
Segmental Modifications of Words in Connected Speech 200
Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech 208
Chapter Summary 221
Review Exercises 221
Study Questions 228
Online Resources 228
Assignment 7-1 229
Assignment 7-2 231
Assignment 7-3 233
Assignment 7-4 235
8 Transcription of Speech Sound Disorders 236
Learning Objectives 236
Typical Phonological Development 237
Phonological Processes 240
Using Diacritics to Transcribe Typical and Disordered Speech 250
Using Non-English Phonemes to Transcribe Typical and Disordered
Speech in English 261
Suggestions for Increasing Accuracy in Phonetic Transcription 266
Chapter Summary 267
Review Exercises 268
Study Questions 271
Online Resources 272
Assignment 8-1 273
Assignment 8-2 275
Assignment 8-3 277
Assignment 8-4 279
9 Dialectal Variation 282
Learning Objectives 282
Formal and Informal Standard American English 282
Defining Regional Dialects 285
Social and Ethnic Dialects 295
Learning English as a Second Language 298
Accent Modification with English Language Learners 313
Chapter Summary 314
Review Exercises 315
Study Questions 324
Online Resources 324
Assignment 9-1 325
References 329
Answers to Questions 333
Appendix 379
Glossary 381
Index 387