Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 9th Edition by Joseph S. Valacich and Joey F. George

By

Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 9th Edition

Joseph S. Valacich and Joey F. George

Modern Systems Analysis and Design

Contents

Preface 19

PART ONE Foundations for Systems Development

AN OVERVIEW OF PART ONE 26

1 The Systems Development

Environment 27

Learning Objectives 27

Introduction 27

A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design 29

Developing Information Systems and the Systems Development Life Cycle 30

The Heart of the Systems Development Process 35

The Traditional Waterfall SDLC 36

Agile Methodologies 38

eXtreme Programming 39

Scrum 40

Agile in Practice 41

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 42

Our Approach to Systems Development 44

Summary 45

Key Terms 45

Review Questions 45

Problems and Exercises 46

Field Exercises 46

References 46

2 The Origins of Software 47

Learning Objectives 47

Introduction 47

Systems Acquisition 47

Outsourcing 48

Sources of Software 49

Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software 55

Validating Purchased Software Information 57

Reuse 58

Summary 60

Key Terms 61

Review Questions 61

Problems and Exercises 61

Field Exercises 61

References 62

BEC CASE: THE ORIGINS OF SOFTWARE 63

Case Questions 63

3 Managing the Information Systems Project 64

Learning Objectives 64

Introduction 64

Pine Valley Furniture Company Background 64

Managing the Information Systems Project 66

Initiating a Project 70

Planning the Project 72

Executing the Project 79

Closing Down the Project 82

Representing and Scheduling Project Plans 83

Representing Project Plans 85

Calculating Expected Time Durations Using PERT 85

Constructing a Gantt Chart and Network Diagram at Pine Valley Furniture 86

Using Project Management Software 89

Establishing a Project Start Date 90

Entering Tasks and Assigning Task Relationships 90

Selecting a Scheduling Method to Review Project Reports 91

Summary 93

Key Terms 93

Review Questions 94

Problems and Exercises 94

Field Exercises 96

References 96

Appendix: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: Project Management 98

Learning Objectives 98

Unique Characteristics of an OOSAD Project 98

Define the System as a Set of Components 98

Complete Hard Problems First 98

Using Iterations to Manage the Project 100

Don’t Plan Too Much Up Front 100

How Many and How Long Are Iterations? 102

Project Activity Focus Changes Over the Life of a Project 102

Summary 104

Review Question 104

Problems and Exercises 104

BEC CASE: MANAGING THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROJECT 105

Case Questions 105

PART TWO Planning

AN OVERVIEW OF PART TWO 108

4 Identifying and Selecting Systems

Development Projects 109

Learning Objectives 109

Introduction 109

Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects 110

The Process of Identifying and Selecting IS Development Projects 111

Deliverables and Outcomes 115

Corporate and Information Systems Planning 116

Corporate Strategic Planning 117

Information Systems Planning 119

Electronic Commerce Applications: Identifying and Selecting Systems Development

Projects 126

Internet Basics 126

Pine Valley Furniture WebStore 127

Summary 128

Key Terms 128

Review Questions 129

Problems and Exercises 129

Field Exercises 130

References 130

BEC CASE: IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

PROJECTS 132

Case Questions 132

5 Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 133

Learning Objectives 133

Introduction 133

Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 133

The Process of Initiating and Planning is

Development Projects 134

Deliverables and Outcomes 135

Assessing Project Feasibility 136

Assessing Economic Feasibility 137

Assessing Technical Feasibility 145

Assessing Other Feasibility Concerns 148

Building and Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 149

Building the Baseline Project Plan 149

Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 154

Electronic Commerce Applications: Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 159

Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 159

Summary 161

Key Terms 161

Review Questions 162

Problems and Exercises 162

Field Exercises 163

References 163

BEC CASE: INITIATING AND PLANNING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 165

Case Questions 165

PART THREE Analysis

AN OVERVIEW OF PART THREE 168

6 Determining System Requirements 169

Learning Objectives 169

Introduction 169

Performing Requirements Determination 169

The Process of Determining Requirements 170

Deliverables and Outcomes 171

Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements 172

Interviewing and Listening 172

Interviewing Groups 176

Directly Observing Users 177

Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents 178

Contemporary Methods for Determining System

Requirements 183

Joint Application Design 184

Using Prototyping During Requirements Determination 186

Radical Methods for Determining System Requirements 188

Identifying Processes to Reengineer 189

Disruptive Technologies 190

Requirements Determination Using Agile Methodologies 191

Continual User Involvement 191

Agile Usage-Centered Design 192

The Planning Game from eXtreme Programming 192

Electronic Commerce Applications: Determining System

Requirements 194

Determining System Requirements for Pine Valley Furniture’s

WebStore 195

Summary 197

Key Terms 198

Review Questions 198

Problems and Exercises 199

Field Exercises 199

References 200

BEC CASE: DETERMINING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 201

Case Questions 202

7 Structuring System Process

Requirements 203

Learning Objectives 203

Introduction 203

Process Modeling 203

Modeling a System’s Process for Structured Analysis 204

Deliverables and Outcomes 204

Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics 205

Definitions and Symbols 205

Developing DFDs: An Example 207

Data Flow Diagramming Rules 210

Decomposition of DFDs 211

Balancing DFDs 214

An Example DFD 216

Using Data Flow Diagramming in the Analysis Process 219

Guidelines for Drawing DFDs 219

Using DFDs as Analysis Tools 221

Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering 222

Modeling Logic with Decision Tables 223

Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling

Using Data Flow Diagrams 227

Process Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 227

Summary 229

Key Terms 229

Review Questions 230

Problems and Exercises 230

Field Exercises 236

References 236

Appendix 7A: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: Use Cases 237

Learning Objectives 237

Introduction 237

Use Cases 237

What Is a Use Case? 237

Use Case Diagrams 238

Definitions and Symbols 239

Written Use Cases 242

Level 243

The Rest of the Template 243

Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Use Cases 245

Writing Use Cases for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 247

Summary 250

Key Terms 250

Review Questions 250

Problems and Exercises 250

Field Exercise 251

References 251

Appendix 7B: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: Activity Diagrams 252

Learning Objectives 252

Introduction 252

When to Use an Activity Diagram 255

Problems and Exercises 255

Reference 256

Appendix 7C: Business Process Modeling 257

Learning Objective 257

Introduction 257

Basic Notation 257

Business Process Example 261

Summary 262

Key Terms 262

Review Questions 262

Problems and Exercises 262

Field Exercises 263

References 263

BEC CASE: STRUCTURING SYSTEM PROCESS REQUIREMENTS 264

Case Questions 265

8 Structuring System Data Requirements 266

Learning Objectives 266

Introduction 266

Conceptual Data Modeling 267

The Conceptual Data Modeling Process 268

Deliverables and Outcomes 269

Gathering Information for Conceptual Data Modeling 270

Introduction to E-R Modeling 272

Entities 272

Attributes 274

Candidate Keys and Identifiers 275

Other Attribute Types 276

Relationships 277

Conceptual Data Modeling and the E-R Model 278

Degree of a Relationship 279

Cardinalities in Relationships 281

Naming and Defining Relationships 282

Associative Entities 283

Summary of Conceptual Data Modeling with E-R Diagrams 285

Representing Supertypes and Subtypes 285

Business Rules 286

Domains 287

Triggering Operations 289

Role of Packaged Conceptual Data Models: Database Patterns 290

Universal Data Models 290

Industry-Specific Data Models 290

Benefits of Database Patterns and Packaged Data Models 290

Electronic Commerce Application: Conceptual Data Modeling 291

Conceptual Data Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 291

Summary 295

Key Terms 295

Review Questions 296

Problems and Exercises 297

Field Exercises 299

References 300

Appendix: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: Object Modeling—Class Diagrams 301

Learning Objectives 301

Introduction 301

Representing Objects and Classes 301

Types of Operations 302

Representing Associations 303

Representing Associative Classes 305

Representing Stereotypes for Attributes 306

Representing Generalization 306

Representing Aggregation 309

An Example of Conceptual Data Modeling at Hoosier Burger 310

Summary 313

Key Terms 313

Review Questions 314

Problems and Exercises 314

References 315

BEC CASE: STRUCTURING SYSTEM DATA REQUIREMENTS 316

Case Questions 317

PART FOUR Design

AN OVERVIEW OF PART FOUR 320

9 Designing Databases 321

Learning Objectives 321

Introduction 321

Database Design 321

The Process of Database Design 322

Deliverables and Outcomes 324

The Relational Database Model 327

Well-Structured Relations 327

Normalization 328

Rules of Normalization 329

Functional Dependence and Primary Keys 329

Second Normal Form 330

Third Normal Form 330

Transforming E-R Diagrams into Relations 331

Represent Entities 332

Represent Relationships 332

Summary of Transforming E-R Diagrams to Relations 336

Merging Relations 336

An Example of Merging Relations 336

View Integration Problems 337

Logical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 338

Physical File and Database Design 341

Designing Fields 341

Choosing Data Types 342

Controlling Data Integrity 343

Designing Physical Tables 344

Arranging Table Rows 347

Designing Controls for Files 351

Physical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 352

Electronic Commerce Application: Designing Databases 353

Designing Databases for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 354

Summary 356

Key Terms 357

Review Questions 358

Problems and Exercises 358

Field Exercises 359

References 360

BEC CASE: DESIGNING DATABASES 361

Case Questions 362

10 Designing Forms and Reports 363

Learning Objectives 363

Introduction 363

Designing Forms and Reports 363

The Process of Designing Forms and Reports 365

Deliverables and Outcomes 366

Formatting Forms and Reports 370

General Formatting Guidelines 370

Highlighting Information 372

Color versus No Color 374

Displaying Text 375

Designing Tables and Lists 375

Paper versus Electronic Reports 379

Assessing Usability 381

Usability Success Factors 381

Measures of Usability 382

Electronic Commerce Applications: Designing Forms and Reports for Pine Valley

Furniture’s WebStore 383

General Guidelines 383

Designing Forms and Reports at Pine Valley Furniture 383

Lightweight Graphics 384

Forms and Data Integrity Rules 384

Stylesheet-Based HTML 385

Summary 385

Key Terms 385

Review Questions 386

Problems and Exercises 386

Field Exercises 387

References 387

BEC CASE: DESIGNING FORMS AND REPORTS 389

Case Questions 389

11 Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 391

Learning Objectives 391

Introduction 391

Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 391

The Process of Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 391

Deliverables and Outcomes 392

Interaction Methods and Devices 392

Methods of Interacting 392

Hardware Options for System Interaction 400

Designing Interfaces 402

Designing Layouts 402

Structuring Data Entry 405

Controlling Data Input 407

Providing Feedback 408

Providing Help 410

Designing Dialogues 412

Designing the Dialogue Sequence 413

Building Prototypes and Assessing Usability 415

Designing Interfaces and Dialogues in Graphical Environments 417

Graphical Interface Design Issues 417

Dialogue Design Issues in a Graphical Environment 419

Electronic Commerce Application: Designing Interfaces and Dialogues for Pine Valley

Furniture’s WebStore 419

General Guidelines 420

Designing Interfaces and Dialogues at Pine Valley Furniture 421

Menu-Driven Navigation with Cookie Crumbs 421

Summary 422

Key Terms 422

Review Questions 423

Problems and Exercises 423

Field Exercises 424

References 424

BEC CASE: DESIGNING INTERFACES AND DIALOGUES 425

Case Questions 426

12 Designing Distributed and Internet Systems 427

Learning Objectives 427

Introduction 427

Designing Distributed and Internet Systems 427

The Process of Designing Distributed and Internet Systems 427

Deliverables and Outcomes 428

Designing LAN and Client/Server Systems 429

Designing Systems for LANs 429

Designing Systems for a Client/Server Architecture 431

Cloud Computing 435

What Is Cloud Computing? 435

Managing the Cloud 439

Service-Oriented Architecture 442

Web Services 443

Designing Internet Systems 444

Internet Design Fundamentals 445

Site Consistency 446

Design Issues Related to Site Management 448

Electronic Commerce Application: Designing a Distributed Advertisement Server

for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 451

Advertising on Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 451

Designing the Advertising Component 452

Designing the Management Reporting Component 453

Summary 454

Key Terms 454

Review Questions 456

Problems and Exercises 456

Field Exercises 457

References 458

BEC CASE: DESIGNING DISTRIBUTED AND INTERNET SYSTEMS 459

Case Questions 459

PART FIVE Implementation and Maintenance

AN OVERVIEW OF PART FIVE 462

13 System Implementation 463

Learning Objectives 463

Introduction 463

System Implementation 464

Coding, Testing, and Installation Processes 465

Deliverables and Outcomes from Coding, Testing, and Installation 465

Deliverables and Outcomes from Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting

Users 466

Software Application Testing 467

Seven Different Types of Tests 468

The Testing Process 470

Combining Coding and Testing 472

Acceptance Testing by Users 473

Installation 474

Direct Installation 474

Parallel Installation 474

Single-Location Installation 475

Phased Installation 476

Planning Installation 476

Documenting the System 477

User Documentation 478

Training and Supporting Users 479

Training Information Systems Users 480

Supporting Information Systems Users 481

Organizational Issues in Systems Implementation 482

Why Implementation Sometimes Fails 483

Security Issues 485

Electronic Commerce Application: System Implementation and Operation for Pine Valley

Furniture’s WebStore 487

Developing Test Cases for the WebStore 487

Alpha and Beta Testing the WebStore 488

WebStore Installation 489

Project Closedown 489

Summary 490

Key Terms 490

Review Questions 491

Problems and Exercises 492

Field Exercises 492

References 493

BEC CASE: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 494

Case Questions 494

14 Maintaining Information Systems 495

Learning Objectives 495

Introduction 495

Maintaining Information Systems 495

The Process of Maintaining Information Systems 496

Deliverables and Outcomes 497

Conducting Systems Maintenance 498

Types of Maintenance 498

The Cost of Maintenance 499

Managing Maintenance 501

Role of Automated Development Tools in Maintenance 506

Website Maintenance 506

Electronic Commerce Application: Maintaining an Information System for Pine Valley

Furniture’s WebStore 508

Maintaining Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 508

Cannot Find Server 508

Summary 509

Key Terms 510

Review Questions 510

Problems and Exercises 511

Field Exercises 511

References 511

GLOSSARY OF TERMS 513

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS 520

INDEX 521

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