World Politics: Trend and Transformation, Eighteenth Edition
Shannon Lindsey Blanton, Charles William Kegley
Contents
Letter to Instructors xi
Letter to Students xiii
Resources for Students and Instructors xv
Acknowledgments xvii
About the Authors xx
Part I Trend and Transformation
in World Politics
Chapter 1 Discovering World
Politics 2
1-1 The Challenge of Investigating
1-2 How Do Perceptions Influence Images
of Global Reality? 5
The Nature and Sources of Images 5
The Impact of Perceptions on World Politics 8
1-3 Key Concepts and Terms for
Understanding World Politics 11
Introducing Terminology 11
Distinguishing the Primary Transnational Actors 12
Distinguishing Levels of Analysis 14
Distinguishing Change, Continuities, and Cycles 16
Preparing for Your Intellectual Journey 19
Chapter 2 Interpreting World Politics
Through the Lens of Theory 23
2-1 Theories and Change in World Politics 24
2-2 Realism 26
What Is the Realist Worldview? 26
The Evolution of Realism 28
The Limitations of Realist Thought 30
2-3 Liberalism 32
What Is Liberalism’s Worldview? 32
The Evolution of Liberalism 34
The Limitations of Liberalism 37
2-4 Constructivism 39
What Is the Constructivist Worldview? 39
The Evolution of Constructivist Thought 41
The Limitations of Constructivism 43
2-5 Alternative Theoretical Perspectives:
Feminist and Marxist Critiques 45
The Feminist Critique 45
The Marxist Critique 49
2-6 International Theory and
the Global Future 53
Chapter 3 Theories of International
Decision Making 58
3-1 Foreign Policy Making in International
Affairs 59
Transnational Actors and Decision Processes 60
Influences on Making Foreign Policy Decisions 61
3-2 Models of Decision Making
by Transnational Actors 64
Decision Making as Rational Choice 65
Cognitive Psychological Models of Decision
Making 67
The Leverage and Impact of Leaders 70
The Bureaucratic Politics of Foreign
Policy Decision Making 76
3-3 The Domestic Determinants
of Foreign Policy Decisions 81
Military Capabilities 82
Economic Conditions 83
Type of Government 83
3-4 Global Influences on Foreign Policy 85
Global Distribution of Power 85
Geopolitical Factors 87
Part II The World’s Actors and
Their Relationships
Chapter 4 Great Power Relations and
Rivalries 92
4-1 The Quest for World Leadership 94
4-2 World War I 95
The Causes of World War I 95
Systemic Level of Analysis 96
State Level of Analysis 97
Individual Level of Analysis 98
The Consequences of World War I 98
4-3 World War II 100
The Causes of World War II 100
Proximate Causes of War 101
Underlying Causes at Three Analytic Levels 102
The Consequences of World War II 104
4-4 The Cold War 106
The Causes of the Cold War 106
Confrontation, 1947–1962 107
Coexistence to Détente, 1963–1978 109
Renewed Confrontation to Rapprochement,
1979–1991 109
The Consequences of the Cold War 111
4-5 The Post–Cold War Era 112
America’s “Unipolar Moment” 113
From Unipolarity to Multipolarity: The Rise
of the Rest? 114
4-6 Looking Ahead: What Does the Future
Look Like for the Great Powers? 116
Chapter 5 World Politics and the
Global South 125
5-1 Colonial Origins and Consequences 127
The First Wave of European Imperialism 130
The Second Wave of European Imperialism 131
Self-Determination and Decolonization in the Twentieth
Century 133
5-2 North and South Today: Worlds Apart 134
5-3 Why Do Such Differences Persist? 138
Internal Sources of Underdevelopment 138
International Sources of Underdevelopment 139
5-4 Closing the Gap? The Global South’s
Prospects in a World of Great
Powers 140
Reform of the International System 142
Foreign Aid and Remittances 144
Trade and Foreign Direct Investment 147
Technology and Global Communications 150
Debt Management, Militarization,
and Governmental Corruption 153
5-5 The Global South’s Future 156
Chapter 6 Nonstate Actors and the
Quest for Global Community 160
6-1 Intergovernmental Organizations in World
Politics 162
The United Nations 163
The UN’s Agenda 163
Organizational Structure 164
Budget Controversy 167
Future Challenges 168
Other Prominent Global IGOs 170
The World Trade Organization 171
The World Bank 171
The International Monetary Fund 173
6-2 Regional Intergovernmental
Organizations 174
The European Union 174
EU Expansion and Political Integration 174
EU Organization and Management 175
EU Decision-Making Challenges 178
Other Regional IGOs 179
6-3 Nongovernmental Organizations in World
Politics 180
6-4 Other Nonstate Actors
on the Global Stage 183
Stateless Nations: Ethnic Groups
and Indigenous Peoples 184
Transnational Religious Movements 187
Multinational Corporations 191
Transnational Terrorist Groups 195
Transnational Crime Organizations 198
6-5 Nonstate Actors and the Future of World
Politics 201
Part III Confronting Violent
Conflict
Chapter 7 The Threat of Armed
Conflict to the World 205
7-1 What Causes Armed Conflict? 207
The Individual Level of Analysis: Human Nature 207
The State and Internal Level of Analysis 209
Geopolitical Factors and Length of
Independence 209
Culture, Nationalism, and Identity Politics 210
Poverty, Relative Deprivation, and Demographic
Stress 212
Militarization 214
Economic System 214
Regime Type 216
The Systemic Level of Analysis: The Global System 217
Does Violence Breed Violence? 218
Power Transitions 219
Cyclical Theories 220
7-2 Frequency and Types of Armed Conflict 222
7-3 Armed Conflict Within States 225
Intrastate Conflict 226
The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict 230
7-4 Armed Conflict by Nonstate Actors 232
Nonstate Armed Groups 232
Terrorism 234
7-5 Armed Conflict and Its Future 240
Chapter 8 The Pursuit of Power
Through Arms and Alliances 244
8-1 Power in World Politics 246
The Elements of State Power 246
The “Cost” of Military Spending 250
8-2 Changes in Military Capabilities 254
Trends in the Weapons Trade 254
The Strategic Consequences of Arms Sales 256
Nuclear Weapons 259
The Revolution in Military Technology 263
Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous
Weapons Systems 264
Biological and Chemical Weapons 267
8-3 Military Strategies 269
Compellence 270
Deterrence 270
Preemption 272
Coercive Diplomacy Through Military Intervention 273
8-4 Realist Interpretations of Alliances in
World Politics 274
8-5 Realism and the Balancing of Power 277
8-6 What Lies Ahead? 281
Chapter 9 The Quest for Peace
Through International Law and
Collective Security 285
9-1 Liberal and Constructivist Routes to
International Peace 286
9-2 Beating Swords Into Plowshares 288
Bilateral Arms Control and Disarmament 289
Multilateral Arms Control and Disarmament 290
The Problematic Future of Arms Control
and Disarmament 293
9-3 Maintaining Collective Security Through
International Organizations 297
The United Nations and Collective Security 299
Regional Security Organizations
and Collective Defense 304
9-4 Law at the International Level 308
Limitations of the International Legal System 309
The Judicial Framework of International Law 311
9-5 Legal and Diplomatic Responses to Armed
Conflict 315
New Rules for Military Intervention 317
International Crises and the Negotiated
Settlement of Disputes 319
Part IV Human Security,
Prosperity, and
Responsibility
Chapter 10 The Globalization of
International Finance 328
10-1 Interpreting Contemporary Economic
Change 329
10-2 Money Matters: The Transnational
Exchange of Money 331
The Globalization of Finance 332
Dark Money: Globalization and Illicit
Financial Flows 335
Monetary and Financial Policy: Key Concepts
and Issues 338
10-3 Bretton Woods and Beyond 343
Financial and Monetary Aspects of the Bretton Woods
System 345
The End of Bretton Woods 347
Post-Bretton Woods: The Rise of Financial
Globalization 348
10-4 Understanding Financial Crises 349
10-5 Recovery and Reform: Challenges Facing
Global Finance 352
The Current System: One Crisis After Another? 353
U.S. Leadership and the Future of the Dollar 355
Whither the International Financial
Architecture? 359
The End of the Liberal Consensus? 362
Chapter 11 International Trade in the
Global Marketplace 365
11-1 Globalization and Trade 366
Trade, Multinational Corporations,
and the Globalization of Production 368
The Globalization of Labor 370
11-2 Contending Trade Strategies 374
The Shadow of the Great Depression 374
The Clash Between Liberal and
Mercantilist Values 376
Commercial Liberalism 376
Mercantilism 379
11-3 Trade and Global Politics 381
11-4 The Fate of Free Trade 386
Protectionism and Trade Policy Tools 386
The Uneasy Coexistence of Liberalism
and Mercantilism 388
11-5 Triumph or Trouble for the Global
Economy 390
The Development and Challenges of the WTO 390
Economic Shocks and World Trade 394
The Protectionist Backlash
and Current Trade Conflicts 395
Global Supply Chains—Challenges
and Alternatives 398
Regional and Plurilateral Trade Arrangements 400
Chapter 12 Dimensions of
Globalization: Demographic Change
and Human Connectivity 405
12-1 Population Change as a Global
Challenge 406
Demographic Transition Around the World 407
World Population Growth Rates 409
Demographic Divisions: Youth Bulges
and Aging Populations 411
12-2 Global Migration Trends 416
A Quest for Sustenance and Freedom 416
Urbanization 421
12-3 New Plagues? The Global Impact
of Communicable Disease 424
12-4 The Global Information Age 428
The Evolution of Global Communications 428
The Dark Side of the Global Communications
Revolution 430
The Business of Global Communication 432
12-5 Globalization and the Global Future 434
Chapter 13 The Promotion of
Human Development and Human
Rights 439
13-1 Putting People into the Picture 440
13-2 How Does Humanity Fare? The Human
Condition Today 444
Human Development and Human Security 445
Globalization, Democratization,
and Economic Prosperity 449
13-3 Human Rights and the Protection of
People 451
Internationally Recognized Human Rights 451
Heightened Risk to Indigenous Peoples
and Minority Ethnic Groups 453
Gender Inequality and Its Consequences 455
Gendercide, Slavery, and Human Trafficking 460
Children and Human Rights 462
13-4 Responding to Human Rights 466
The Human Rights Legal Framework 467
The Challenge of Enforcement 468
Chapter 14 Global Responsibility
for the Preservation of the
Environment 474
14-1 Framing the Ecological Debate 475
14-2 Global Ecopolitical Challenges 479
The Ecopolitics of the Atmosphere 480
The Ecopolitics of Biodiversity, Deforestation, and Water
Shortages 487
Threats to Global Biodiversity 487
Shrinking Forests and Dust Bowls 489
A Burgeoning Water Crisis 492
The Ecopolitics of Energy Supply and Demand 494
Fluctuations in the Oil Industry 495
Converting to Renewable Sources of Energy 497
14-3 Toward Sustainability and Human
Security 501
The Quest for Sustainable Development 501
Feeding the Masses 503
14-4 Global Efforts toward Environmental
Solutions 508
Part V Thinking About the Future
of World Politics
Chapter 15 Looking Ahead at Global
Trends and Transformations 515
15-1 Global Trends and Forecasts:
Putting Yourself in the Picture 516
15-2 The Global Predicament: Key Questions
About a Turbulent World 518
Is Globalization a Cure or a Curse? 519
Will Technological Innovation Solve Pressing
Global Problems? 521
What Types of Armed Conflict Will Become the
Major Fault Line in the Geostrategic Landscape? 523
Should the Global Community Intervene
to Protect Human Rights? 525
Will Democracy Prevail in the Contest
for Hearts and Minds? 526
Will Climate Change Pose a Threat
to Global Peace? 527
15-3 A New World Order or New World
Disorder? 529
Glossary 533
References 543
Name Index 574
Subject Index 583